为探明干旱地区膜下滴灌玉米土壤水热盐效应及秋浇洗盐灌溉的效果,该文根据2014—2015年进行的田间试验,分析膜下滴灌不同灌溉制度下生育期土壤水分盐分剖面分布特性、土壤温度变化及对玉米产量品质的影响和非生育期洗盐灌溉(秋浇)效果...为探明干旱地区膜下滴灌玉米土壤水热盐效应及秋浇洗盐灌溉的效果,该文根据2014—2015年进行的田间试验,分析膜下滴灌不同灌溉制度下生育期土壤水分盐分剖面分布特性、土壤温度变化及对玉米产量品质的影响和非生育期洗盐灌溉(秋浇)效果。结果表明,不同滴灌制度下土壤剖面水分、盐分剖面分布极不均匀,盐分均由膜内向膜外地表裸露区定向迁移,趋于膜外地表积累。膜下滴灌土壤温度受气温、玉米叶面积指数、灌水及土壤含水率共同作用。灌水后各处理土壤温度均剧烈下降,2~3 d后恢复,玉米营养生长阶段控制灌水下限为-30 k Pa最有利于土壤温度积累。玉米生育期各处理膜内0~40 cm不积盐,控制灌水下限为-10 k Pa可有效淋滤0~100 cm土壤盐分,而其他处理对0~100 cm土层盐分的影响差异性短期内不明显,需对不同处理长期膜下滴灌的盐分进一步观测。非生育期洗盐灌溉效果显著,秋浇灌黄河水180 mm后,次年春播前0~100 cm土壤盐分平均下降10.86%~26.14%,剖面分布较均匀。河套灌区膜下滴灌土壤盐分调控建议为生育期滴灌灌溉制度和非生育期洗盐灌溉双重调控。玉米生育期灌水下限建议控制为-30 k Pa,非生育期洗盐灌溉由于河套灌区冻融影响及特殊的水文地质条件,膜下滴灌盐分累积到何种程度洗盐灌溉及具体合理的洗盐灌溉制度还需进一步深入研究。展开更多
生物质炭作为土壤调理剂,能够显著地改良培肥土壤,但对盐渍化土壤盐分淋洗的影响缺乏研究和了解。本研究采用土柱模拟试验,将蘑菇棒生物质炭按照不同的质量比(0%、2%、5%、10%),添加到内蒙古河套地区硫酸盐盐渍化土壤0～20 cm的土层中,...生物质炭作为土壤调理剂,能够显著地改良培肥土壤,但对盐渍化土壤盐分淋洗的影响缺乏研究和了解。本研究采用土柱模拟试验,将蘑菇棒生物质炭按照不同的质量比(0%、2%、5%、10%),添加到内蒙古河套地区硫酸盐盐渍化土壤0～20 cm的土层中,并进行淋洗,测定淋出液和土壤盐分及主要盐分离子含量,以期了解生物质炭对土壤盐分和主要盐分离子洗脱的影响。结果表明:加入生物质炭的土柱,淋洗液出现的时间提前了5～36 d,电导率降低至<5 mS cm-1缩短了41～100 d;生物质炭加入量越大,淋洗液出现的时间越早,电导率降低至<5 mS cm-1所需的时间也越少。其中,生物质炭用量2%的处理,淋洗结束表层脱盐效果较好,含盐量与对照相比降低了34.25%。显然,向盐渍化土壤加入生物质炭,不仅能够缩短盐分洗脱时间,而且提高洗盐效率,但对盐分离子洗脱先后顺序及其速率,并没有表现出明显的影响。展开更多
龟裂碱土重度盐碱荒地主要分布在我国西北旱区,其土壤碱化度高、结构差、导水率低是制约其改良利用的关键因素。通过在滴头下方设置沙穴,探索在滴灌条件下种植枸杞的方式改良利用该盐碱荒地的可行性。通过设置-5 k Pa(S1)、-10 k Pa(S2)...龟裂碱土重度盐碱荒地主要分布在我国西北旱区,其土壤碱化度高、结构差、导水率低是制约其改良利用的关键因素。通过在滴头下方设置沙穴,探索在滴灌条件下种植枸杞的方式改良利用该盐碱荒地的可行性。通过设置-5 k Pa(S1)、-10 k Pa(S2)、-15 k Pa(S3)、-20 k Pa(S4)和-25 k Pa(S5)5个不同土壤基质势控制灌水下限处理,寻求最优的滴灌灌溉制度。结果表明,种植后土壤水分入渗性能得到显著改善,滴头下湿润区域面积不断增大,逐渐形成一个脱盐区(ECe<4 d S/m)。控制较高的土壤基质势下限,有利于土壤盐分的淋洗。滴灌种植后土壤的ECe/SARe显著增加,说明土壤盐分组成特征发生变化,土壤物理性质得到改善;土壤速效养分含量显著增加,其中硝态氮表现出较强的随水迁移性,存在淋失风险,而速效磷随水迁移性弱,主要积累在0~20 cm深度内。种植3 a之后,S1成活率最低(56.8%),S3最高(81.1%),而S2、S3和S4产量显著高于其他处理(p<0.05),三者之间差异不显著,均为900 kg/hm^2左右,达到当地良田水平。结合土壤水盐特征、养分分布及枸杞生长等各方面因素,可以通过在滴头下设置沙穴滴灌种植枸杞的方式改良龟裂碱土重度盐碱荒地,并在种植前2 a控制土壤基质势下限为-10 k Pa,从第3年改为-20 k Pa。展开更多
Moisture and salt content of soil are the two predominant factors influencing its shear strength. This study aims to investigate the effects of these two factors on shear strength behavior of loess in the Xining Basin...Moisture and salt content of soil are the two predominant factors influencing its shear strength. This study aims to investigate the effects of these two factors on shear strength behavior of loess in the Xining Basin of Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where such geological hazards as soil erosion, landslides collapse and debris flows are widespread due to the highly erodible loess. Salinized loess soil collected from the test site was desalinized through salt-leaching in the laboratory. The desalinized and oven-dried loess samples were also artificially moisturized and salinized in order to examine how soil salinity affects its shear strength at different moisture levels. Soil samples prepared in different ways(moisturizing, salt-leaching, and salinized) were measured to determine soil cohesion and internal friction angle. The results show that salt-leaching up to 18 rounds almost completely removed the salt content and considerably changed the physical components of loess, but the soil type remained unchanged. As salt content increases from 0.00% to 12.00%, both the cohesion and internal friction angle exhibit an initial decrease and then increase with salt content. As moisture content is 12.00%, the salt content threshold value for both cohesion and internal friction angle is identified as 3.00%. As the moisture content rises to 16.0% and 20.00%, the salt content threshold value for cohesion is still 6.00%, but 3.00% for internal friction angle. At these thresholds soil shear strength is the lowest, below which it is inversely related to soil salinity. Beyond the thresholds, however, the relationship is positive. Dissimilar to salinity, soil moisture content exerts an adverse effect on shear strength of loess. The findings of this study can provide a valuable guidance on stabilizing the engineering properties of salinized loess to prevent slope failures during heavy rainfall events.展开更多
Developing effective irrigation and drainage strategies to improve the quality of saline-alkali soil is vital for enhancing agricultural production and increasing economic returns. In this study, we explored how irrig...Developing effective irrigation and drainage strategies to improve the quality of saline-alkali soil is vital for enhancing agricultural production and increasing economic returns. In this study, we explored how irrigation and drainage modes (flood irrigation, drip irrigation, and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation) improve the saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China. We aimed to study the transport characteristics of soil water and salt under different irrigation and drainage modes, and analyze the effects of the combination of irrigation and drainage on soil salt leaching, as well as its impacts on the growth of oil sunflower. Our results show that sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation significantly reduced the soil salt content and soil water content at the 0–200 cm soil depth. Under sub-surface pipe drainage combined with drip irrigation, the mean soil salt content was reduced to below 10 g/kg after the second irrigation, and the soil salt content decreased as sub-surface pipe distance decreased. The mean soil salt content of flood irrigation exceeded 25 g/kg, and the mean soil desalination efficiency was 3.28%, which was lower than that of drip irrigation. The mean soil desalination rate under drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation was 19.30% and 58.12%, respectively. After sub-surface drainage regulation under drip irrigation, the germination percentage of oil sunflower seedlings was increased to more than 50%, which further confirmed that combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage is very effective in improving the quality of saline-alkali soil and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops.展开更多
文摘为探明干旱地区膜下滴灌玉米土壤水热盐效应及秋浇洗盐灌溉的效果,该文根据2014—2015年进行的田间试验,分析膜下滴灌不同灌溉制度下生育期土壤水分盐分剖面分布特性、土壤温度变化及对玉米产量品质的影响和非生育期洗盐灌溉(秋浇)效果。结果表明,不同滴灌制度下土壤剖面水分、盐分剖面分布极不均匀,盐分均由膜内向膜外地表裸露区定向迁移,趋于膜外地表积累。膜下滴灌土壤温度受气温、玉米叶面积指数、灌水及土壤含水率共同作用。灌水后各处理土壤温度均剧烈下降,2~3 d后恢复,玉米营养生长阶段控制灌水下限为-30 k Pa最有利于土壤温度积累。玉米生育期各处理膜内0~40 cm不积盐,控制灌水下限为-10 k Pa可有效淋滤0~100 cm土壤盐分,而其他处理对0~100 cm土层盐分的影响差异性短期内不明显,需对不同处理长期膜下滴灌的盐分进一步观测。非生育期洗盐灌溉效果显著,秋浇灌黄河水180 mm后,次年春播前0~100 cm土壤盐分平均下降10.86%~26.14%,剖面分布较均匀。河套灌区膜下滴灌土壤盐分调控建议为生育期滴灌灌溉制度和非生育期洗盐灌溉双重调控。玉米生育期灌水下限建议控制为-30 k Pa,非生育期洗盐灌溉由于河套灌区冻融影响及特殊的水文地质条件,膜下滴灌盐分累积到何种程度洗盐灌溉及具体合理的洗盐灌溉制度还需进一步深入研究。
文摘生物质炭作为土壤调理剂,能够显著地改良培肥土壤,但对盐渍化土壤盐分淋洗的影响缺乏研究和了解。本研究采用土柱模拟试验,将蘑菇棒生物质炭按照不同的质量比(0%、2%、5%、10%),添加到内蒙古河套地区硫酸盐盐渍化土壤0～20 cm的土层中,并进行淋洗,测定淋出液和土壤盐分及主要盐分离子含量,以期了解生物质炭对土壤盐分和主要盐分离子洗脱的影响。结果表明:加入生物质炭的土柱,淋洗液出现的时间提前了5～36 d,电导率降低至<5 mS cm-1缩短了41～100 d;生物质炭加入量越大,淋洗液出现的时间越早,电导率降低至<5 mS cm-1所需的时间也越少。其中,生物质炭用量2%的处理,淋洗结束表层脱盐效果较好,含盐量与对照相比降低了34.25%。显然,向盐渍化土壤加入生物质炭,不仅能够缩短盐分洗脱时间,而且提高洗盐效率,但对盐分离子洗脱先后顺序及其速率,并没有表现出明显的影响。
文摘龟裂碱土重度盐碱荒地主要分布在我国西北旱区,其土壤碱化度高、结构差、导水率低是制约其改良利用的关键因素。通过在滴头下方设置沙穴,探索在滴灌条件下种植枸杞的方式改良利用该盐碱荒地的可行性。通过设置-5 k Pa(S1)、-10 k Pa(S2)、-15 k Pa(S3)、-20 k Pa(S4)和-25 k Pa(S5)5个不同土壤基质势控制灌水下限处理,寻求最优的滴灌灌溉制度。结果表明,种植后土壤水分入渗性能得到显著改善,滴头下湿润区域面积不断增大,逐渐形成一个脱盐区(ECe<4 d S/m)。控制较高的土壤基质势下限,有利于土壤盐分的淋洗。滴灌种植后土壤的ECe/SARe显著增加,说明土壤盐分组成特征发生变化,土壤物理性质得到改善;土壤速效养分含量显著增加,其中硝态氮表现出较强的随水迁移性,存在淋失风险,而速效磷随水迁移性弱,主要积累在0~20 cm深度内。种植3 a之后,S1成活率最低(56.8%),S3最高(81.1%),而S2、S3和S4产量显著高于其他处理(p<0.05),三者之间差异不显著,均为900 kg/hm^2左右,达到当地良田水平。结合土壤水盐特征、养分分布及枸杞生长等各方面因素,可以通过在滴头下设置沙穴滴灌种植枸杞的方式改良龟裂碱土重度盐碱荒地,并在种植前2 a控制土壤基质势下限为-10 k Pa,从第3年改为-20 k Pa。
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41572306, 41162010)Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province (Grant No.2014ZJ-906)+3 种基金Hundred Talents Program in Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. Y110091025)Scientific and Technologic Support Plan of Qinghai Province (2015-SF-117)Changjiang Scholar Program and Innovative Research Team Building, MOE Grant Number (IRT_17R62)the 111 Project (Grant No. D18013)
文摘Moisture and salt content of soil are the two predominant factors influencing its shear strength. This study aims to investigate the effects of these two factors on shear strength behavior of loess in the Xining Basin of Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where such geological hazards as soil erosion, landslides collapse and debris flows are widespread due to the highly erodible loess. Salinized loess soil collected from the test site was desalinized through salt-leaching in the laboratory. The desalinized and oven-dried loess samples were also artificially moisturized and salinized in order to examine how soil salinity affects its shear strength at different moisture levels. Soil samples prepared in different ways(moisturizing, salt-leaching, and salinized) were measured to determine soil cohesion and internal friction angle. The results show that salt-leaching up to 18 rounds almost completely removed the salt content and considerably changed the physical components of loess, but the soil type remained unchanged. As salt content increases from 0.00% to 12.00%, both the cohesion and internal friction angle exhibit an initial decrease and then increase with salt content. As moisture content is 12.00%, the salt content threshold value for both cohesion and internal friction angle is identified as 3.00%. As the moisture content rises to 16.0% and 20.00%, the salt content threshold value for cohesion is still 6.00%, but 3.00% for internal friction angle. At these thresholds soil shear strength is the lowest, below which it is inversely related to soil salinity. Beyond the thresholds, however, the relationship is positive. Dissimilar to salinity, soil moisture content exerts an adverse effect on shear strength of loess. The findings of this study can provide a valuable guidance on stabilizing the engineering properties of salinized loess to prevent slope failures during heavy rainfall events.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51741908)
文摘Developing effective irrigation and drainage strategies to improve the quality of saline-alkali soil is vital for enhancing agricultural production and increasing economic returns. In this study, we explored how irrigation and drainage modes (flood irrigation, drip irrigation, and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation) improve the saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China. We aimed to study the transport characteristics of soil water and salt under different irrigation and drainage modes, and analyze the effects of the combination of irrigation and drainage on soil salt leaching, as well as its impacts on the growth of oil sunflower. Our results show that sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation significantly reduced the soil salt content and soil water content at the 0–200 cm soil depth. Under sub-surface pipe drainage combined with drip irrigation, the mean soil salt content was reduced to below 10 g/kg after the second irrigation, and the soil salt content decreased as sub-surface pipe distance decreased. The mean soil salt content of flood irrigation exceeded 25 g/kg, and the mean soil desalination efficiency was 3.28%, which was lower than that of drip irrigation. The mean soil desalination rate under drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation was 19.30% and 58.12%, respectively. After sub-surface drainage regulation under drip irrigation, the germination percentage of oil sunflower seedlings was increased to more than 50%, which further confirmed that combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage is very effective in improving the quality of saline-alkali soil and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops.
