Understanding the factors that contribute to population stability in long-distance migrant birds is increasingly important, particularly given global climate change, sea level rise, and loss or disturbance at essentia...Understanding the factors that contribute to population stability in long-distance migrant birds is increasingly important, particularly given global climate change, sea level rise, and loss or disturbance at essential habitats. While the populations of most shorebirds are declining worldwide, those that migrate through Delaware Bay, New Jersey and Delaware, are declining at the most rapid rate despite conservation efforts. In this paper, we 1) provide background information on population declines of red knots (Calidris canutus rufa) using Delaware Bay, threats to their foraging, and efforts to reduce threats, 2) summarize briefly our studies of the effects of human activities on knots and other shorebirds, 3) present data on management efforts to protect knots and other shorebirds from the activities of people, and 4) discuss the efficacy of such efforts (usually referred to as “decreasing the effect of human disturbances”). The Shorebird Project on Delaware Bay is over 25 years old and provides long-term data to help assess the status of shorebird numbers, particularly for red knot, as well as the density of horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) and their eggs. Red knots have continued to decline even more precipitously in the last few years, presenting cause for concern. Protective efforts have been successful in reducing human disruption on the N.J. Delaware Bay beaches, but the lack of uniformity in implementation across the New Jersey side, and across the whole Bay have hampered further improvements. Implementation of signs, fencing, and stewards on some beaches significantly enhanced the use of these beaches by red knots, determined by examining the use of beaches pre- and post-implementation. Implementation of fencing and stewards had the greatest effect. From 1986 to 2018, there was a significant shift in the percent of Delaware Bay red knots using the NJ side, where protection efforts had been implemented on many of the beaches. Merely restricting access (without fencing or other efforts) did not res展开更多
Cold spells and severe weather may have detrimental effects in wild birds,but owing to the stochastic nature of these events,it is not always possible to measure their impacts.In January 2021,a strong snowstorm known...Cold spells and severe weather may have detrimental effects in wild birds,but owing to the stochastic nature of these events,it is not always possible to measure their impacts.In January 2021,a strong snowstorm known as‘Filomena’affected Spain,mainly the region of Madrid(Central Spain),which was fully covered with snow and suffered freezing temperatures for a fortnight.Using bird surveys conducted in the winter-spring of 2020 and 2021(before and after Filomena)at same locations,we addressed the possible impact of the cold spell in three widespread gamebirds:Wood Pigeon(Columba palumbus),Eurasian Magpie(Pica pica)and Red-legged Partridge(Alectoris rufa).No significant abundance differences were found between years for none of the species and hunting pressure was only significantly reduced for Partridges,hence this species may have been negatively affected by Filomena.Results suggest that in response to Filomena,Pigeons conducted partial migration in search of better conditions,while Magpies aggregated in certain areas of Madrid and Partridges endured the harsh conditions within their home ranges.Our results highlight the importance to alleviate negative impacts of extreme weather events in wild birds through management actions,especially for sedentary species.展开更多
Objective:To investigate a case of mass mortality of Garra rufa(G.rufa)from a fish hatchery farm in Slovakia.Methods:Causative bacterial agent was swabbing out of affected fish skin area and subsequently identified us...Objective:To investigate a case of mass mortality of Garra rufa(G.rufa)from a fish hatchery farm in Slovakia.Methods:Causative bacterial agent was swabbing out of affected fish skin area and subsequently identified using commercial test system.Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method.Results:Infected G.rufa was characterized by abnormal swimming behaviour,bleeding of skin lesions and local haemorrhages.Despite of using recommended aquatic antibiotic treatment no improvement was achieved and Aeromonas sobria{A.sobria)was identified as a causative agent of fish mortality.Due to massive fish mortality,antibiotic susceptibility of pure isolated culture of A.sobria was evaluated employing eight antibiotics against human infections.A.sobria was resistant only against one antibiotic,namely ampicilin.Conclusions:These results indicate that A.sobria can act as a primary pathogen of G.rufa and may be a potential risk factor for immunodeficient or immunoincompetent patients during the ichthyotherapy.展开更多
Objective:To determine morphometric and meristic variations betweenGarra rufa(G.rufa)samples obtained from different locality in Tigris River.Methods:Transformed morphometric characters were subjected to discriminant ...Objective:To determine morphometric and meristic variations betweenGarra rufa(G.rufa)samples obtained from different locality in Tigris River.Methods:Transformed morphometric characters were subjected to discriminant analysis and according to grouping model,number of discriminant function and morphologic variation between populations with respect to their importance of explaining total variation were determined.Results:Success rate of classifying the groups according to the results of discriminant analysis of morphometric characters ofG.rufa individuals,belonging to seven different localities of Tigris and Euphrates river system revealed as 56.7%.Savur stream group showed different distribution from the other groups.Success rate of classifying the groups according to the discriminant analysis of meristic characters ofG.rufa individuals appeared as 56.32%.Conclusions:Devege?idi Dam Lake and Kulp stream groups were the ones which showed the most different distributions in the discriminant analysis.Between locality groups ofG.rufa individuals belonging to Cyprinidae family,meristic and especially morphometric variations were significantly found in the consequent of discriminant analysis.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the inhibitory activity of the chloroform extract,petroleum ether and chloroform sub-extracts,lead-acetate treated chloroform extract,fractions and secondary metabolites of Uvaria rufa(U.rufa)...Objective:To investigate the inhibitory activity of the chloroform extract,petroleum ether and chloroform sub-extracts,lead-acetate treated chloroform extract,fractions and secondary metabolites of Uvaria rufa(U.rufa) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tuberculosis) H_(37)Rv. Methods:The antituberculosis susceptibility assay was earried out using the colorimetric Microplate Alamar blue assay(MABA).In addition,the cytotoxicity of the most active fraction was evaluated using the VERO cell toxicity assay.Results:The in vitro inhibitory activity against M.tuberculosis H_(37)Rv increased as purification progressed to fractionation(MIC up to 23μg/mL). The chloroform extract and its sub-extracts showed moderate toxicity while the most active fraction from chloroform sub-extract exhibited no cytotoxicity against VERO cells.Meanwhile, the lead acetate-treated crude chloroform extract and its fractions showed complete inhibitions (100%) with MIC values up to 8μg/mL.Phylochemical screening of the most active fraction showed,in general,the presence of terpenoids,steroids and phenolic compounds.Evaluation of the antimycobacterial activity of known secondary metabolites isolated showed no promising inhibitory activity against the test organism.Conclusions:The present results demonstrate the potential of U.rufa as a phytomedicinal source of compounds that may exhibit promising antituberculosis activity.In addition,elimination of polar pigments revealed enhanced inhibition against M.tuberculosis H_(37)Rv.While several compounds known for this plant did not show antimycobacterial activity,the obtained results are considered sufficient reason for further study to isolate the metabolites from U.rufa responsible for the antitubercular activity.展开更多
通过研究大熊猫主食竹之一的青川箭竹(Fargesia rufa Yi)叶营养质量对CO2浓度升高和模拟氮沉降的响应,预测在气候变化下箭竹和大熊猫之间的取食关系,以期为大熊猫的长久保护提供科学参考。利用人工环境控制生长室对青川箭竹幼苗进行了1...通过研究大熊猫主食竹之一的青川箭竹(Fargesia rufa Yi)叶营养质量对CO2浓度升高和模拟氮沉降的响应,预测在气候变化下箭竹和大熊猫之间的取食关系,以期为大熊猫的长久保护提供科学参考。利用人工环境控制生长室对青川箭竹幼苗进行了1个生长季节的大气CO2浓度和施氮处理:(1)CON(对照,不添加N和环境CO2浓度),(2)EC(环境CO2浓度+350μmol/mol、不添加N),(3)EN(添加5 g N m-2a-1、环境CO2浓度),(4)ECN(环境CO2浓度+350μmol/mol、添加5 g N m-2a-1)。结果表明:EC处理对青川箭竹叶片的C含量无显著影响,但降低了叶片中N和P含量,从而导致C∶N增加,而N∶P没显著变化。另外,EC处理增加了叶片中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、淀粉、蔗糖和果糖的含量,但降低了木质素和纤维素含量。同时,EC也明显增加了叶片中防御物质单宁的含量。另一方面,EN处理显著降低了叶片中C的含量,并增加了N的含量,但没有改变P的含量,从而C∶N减小,而N∶P增加。EN显著提高了箭竹叶片可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和木质素含量,减少了淀粉和纤维素,但对单宁无明显影响。ECN减少了箭竹叶的单宁和N、P的含量,但显著增加了叶的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、果糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量。大气CO2浓度升高和氮沉降对叶的N、单宁、可溶性糖和淀粉含量具有显著的交互作用。在未来气候变化情景下,箭竹叶营养质量提高将可能影响叶的生物化学过程以及箭竹-大熊猫之间的取食关系。展开更多
以山梨猕猴桃(Actinidia rufa(Siebold and Zuccarini)Planchon ex Miquel)品种‘63101’和中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis var.chinensis C.F.Liang)品种‘磨山雄7号’杂交产生的400余株F_(1)代个体为材料,连续2~3年对其果实品质和外...以山梨猕猴桃(Actinidia rufa(Siebold and Zuccarini)Planchon ex Miquel)品种‘63101’和中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis var.chinensis C.F.Liang)品种‘磨山雄7号’杂交产生的400余株F_(1)代个体为材料,连续2~3年对其果实品质和外观特点的9个性状进行测定,分析它们的遗传规律。结果显示,子代群体单果质量连续3年低于双亲中值,遗传传递力连续3年低于100%,优势率连续3年均为负值;可溶性固形物子代中值除2015年略低外,其余2年均高于亲中值12.3%;优势率均为正值,遗传传递力均大于100%;子代果实形状出现分离,与母本圆柱形相同的比例占82%;果皮毛被中,偏离母本的有毛比例为60%;果皮颜色出现绿色、绿褐色、褐色的分离,比例为1∶1.5∶1;果实肩部形状多与母本的方形相似,占比为63%;果肉颜色也多与母本的绿色相似,占比为86%;果实风味中,与父本和母本相似的表型占比均为32%,口感酸的占比18%,超低亲极酸占比1%,超高亲浓甜占比9%。说明杂交子代单果质量和可溶性固形物含量分别表现为趋小和趋高的遗传倾向;果实形状、果实肩部形状和果肉颜色的遗传倾向于母本性状,而果皮毛被的遗传倾向偏离母本性状;果实风味具有广泛的性状分离现象,存在远高于高亲值和远低于低亲值的极端单株。研究结果说明这些子代材料有选育成为优良猕猴桃单株的潜力。展开更多
文摘Understanding the factors that contribute to population stability in long-distance migrant birds is increasingly important, particularly given global climate change, sea level rise, and loss or disturbance at essential habitats. While the populations of most shorebirds are declining worldwide, those that migrate through Delaware Bay, New Jersey and Delaware, are declining at the most rapid rate despite conservation efforts. In this paper, we 1) provide background information on population declines of red knots (Calidris canutus rufa) using Delaware Bay, threats to their foraging, and efforts to reduce threats, 2) summarize briefly our studies of the effects of human activities on knots and other shorebirds, 3) present data on management efforts to protect knots and other shorebirds from the activities of people, and 4) discuss the efficacy of such efforts (usually referred to as “decreasing the effect of human disturbances”). The Shorebird Project on Delaware Bay is over 25 years old and provides long-term data to help assess the status of shorebird numbers, particularly for red knot, as well as the density of horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) and their eggs. Red knots have continued to decline even more precipitously in the last few years, presenting cause for concern. Protective efforts have been successful in reducing human disruption on the N.J. Delaware Bay beaches, but the lack of uniformity in implementation across the New Jersey side, and across the whole Bay have hampered further improvements. Implementation of signs, fencing, and stewards on some beaches significantly enhanced the use of these beaches by red knots, determined by examining the use of beaches pre- and post-implementation. Implementation of fencing and stewards had the greatest effect. From 1986 to 2018, there was a significant shift in the percent of Delaware Bay red knots using the NJ side, where protection efforts had been implemented on many of the beaches. Merely restricting access (without fencing or other efforts) did not res
基金fully funded by the Regional Government of Madrid(Comunidad de Madrid),through the‘Subvenciones públicas a entidades sinanimo de lucro destinadas a financiar la realizacion de actividades y proyectos ambientales en la Comunidad de Madrid 2020-2021’.
文摘Cold spells and severe weather may have detrimental effects in wild birds,but owing to the stochastic nature of these events,it is not always possible to measure their impacts.In January 2021,a strong snowstorm known as‘Filomena’affected Spain,mainly the region of Madrid(Central Spain),which was fully covered with snow and suffered freezing temperatures for a fortnight.Using bird surveys conducted in the winter-spring of 2020 and 2021(before and after Filomena)at same locations,we addressed the possible impact of the cold spell in three widespread gamebirds:Wood Pigeon(Columba palumbus),Eurasian Magpie(Pica pica)and Red-legged Partridge(Alectoris rufa).No significant abundance differences were found between years for none of the species and hunting pressure was only significantly reduced for Partridges,hence this species may have been negatively affected by Filomena.Results suggest that in response to Filomena,Pigeons conducted partial migration in search of better conditions,while Magpies aggregated in certain areas of Madrid and Partridges endured the harsh conditions within their home ranges.Our results highlight the importance to alleviate negative impacts of extreme weather events in wild birds through management actions,especially for sedentary species.
基金supported by the Operational Program Research and Development and European Fund for Regional Development(EFRD)(grant No.ITMS 26240220020)
文摘Objective:To investigate a case of mass mortality of Garra rufa(G.rufa)from a fish hatchery farm in Slovakia.Methods:Causative bacterial agent was swabbing out of affected fish skin area and subsequently identified using commercial test system.Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method.Results:Infected G.rufa was characterized by abnormal swimming behaviour,bleeding of skin lesions and local haemorrhages.Despite of using recommended aquatic antibiotic treatment no improvement was achieved and Aeromonas sobria{A.sobria)was identified as a causative agent of fish mortality.Due to massive fish mortality,antibiotic susceptibility of pure isolated culture of A.sobria was evaluated employing eight antibiotics against human infections.A.sobria was resistant only against one antibiotic,namely ampicilin.Conclusions:These results indicate that A.sobria can act as a primary pathogen of G.rufa and may be a potential risk factor for immunodeficient or immunoincompetent patients during the ichthyotherapy.
基金Supported by Dicle Univercity with DUPAB-07-02-016 numbered project.
文摘Objective:To determine morphometric and meristic variations betweenGarra rufa(G.rufa)samples obtained from different locality in Tigris River.Methods:Transformed morphometric characters were subjected to discriminant analysis and according to grouping model,number of discriminant function and morphologic variation between populations with respect to their importance of explaining total variation were determined.Results:Success rate of classifying the groups according to the results of discriminant analysis of morphometric characters ofG.rufa individuals,belonging to seven different localities of Tigris and Euphrates river system revealed as 56.7%.Savur stream group showed different distribution from the other groups.Success rate of classifying the groups according to the discriminant analysis of meristic characters ofG.rufa individuals appeared as 56.32%.Conclusions:Devege?idi Dam Lake and Kulp stream groups were the ones which showed the most different distributions in the discriminant analysis.Between locality groups ofG.rufa individuals belonging to Cyprinidae family,meristic and especially morphometric variations were significantly found in the consequent of discriminant analysis.
文摘Objective:To investigate the inhibitory activity of the chloroform extract,petroleum ether and chloroform sub-extracts,lead-acetate treated chloroform extract,fractions and secondary metabolites of Uvaria rufa(U.rufa) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tuberculosis) H_(37)Rv. Methods:The antituberculosis susceptibility assay was earried out using the colorimetric Microplate Alamar blue assay(MABA).In addition,the cytotoxicity of the most active fraction was evaluated using the VERO cell toxicity assay.Results:The in vitro inhibitory activity against M.tuberculosis H_(37)Rv increased as purification progressed to fractionation(MIC up to 23μg/mL). The chloroform extract and its sub-extracts showed moderate toxicity while the most active fraction from chloroform sub-extract exhibited no cytotoxicity against VERO cells.Meanwhile, the lead acetate-treated crude chloroform extract and its fractions showed complete inhibitions (100%) with MIC values up to 8μg/mL.Phylochemical screening of the most active fraction showed,in general,the presence of terpenoids,steroids and phenolic compounds.Evaluation of the antimycobacterial activity of known secondary metabolites isolated showed no promising inhibitory activity against the test organism.Conclusions:The present results demonstrate the potential of U.rufa as a phytomedicinal source of compounds that may exhibit promising antituberculosis activity.In addition,elimination of polar pigments revealed enhanced inhibition against M.tuberculosis H_(37)Rv.While several compounds known for this plant did not show antimycobacterial activity,the obtained results are considered sufficient reason for further study to isolate the metabolites from U.rufa responsible for the antitubercular activity.
文摘通过研究大熊猫主食竹之一的青川箭竹(Fargesia rufa Yi)叶营养质量对CO2浓度升高和模拟氮沉降的响应,预测在气候变化下箭竹和大熊猫之间的取食关系,以期为大熊猫的长久保护提供科学参考。利用人工环境控制生长室对青川箭竹幼苗进行了1个生长季节的大气CO2浓度和施氮处理:(1)CON(对照,不添加N和环境CO2浓度),(2)EC(环境CO2浓度+350μmol/mol、不添加N),(3)EN(添加5 g N m-2a-1、环境CO2浓度),(4)ECN(环境CO2浓度+350μmol/mol、添加5 g N m-2a-1)。结果表明:EC处理对青川箭竹叶片的C含量无显著影响,但降低了叶片中N和P含量,从而导致C∶N增加,而N∶P没显著变化。另外,EC处理增加了叶片中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、淀粉、蔗糖和果糖的含量,但降低了木质素和纤维素含量。同时,EC也明显增加了叶片中防御物质单宁的含量。另一方面,EN处理显著降低了叶片中C的含量,并增加了N的含量,但没有改变P的含量,从而C∶N减小,而N∶P增加。EN显著提高了箭竹叶片可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和木质素含量,减少了淀粉和纤维素,但对单宁无明显影响。ECN减少了箭竹叶的单宁和N、P的含量,但显著增加了叶的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、果糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量。大气CO2浓度升高和氮沉降对叶的N、单宁、可溶性糖和淀粉含量具有显著的交互作用。在未来气候变化情景下,箭竹叶营养质量提高将可能影响叶的生物化学过程以及箭竹-大熊猫之间的取食关系。
文摘以山梨猕猴桃(Actinidia rufa(Siebold and Zuccarini)Planchon ex Miquel)品种‘63101’和中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis var.chinensis C.F.Liang)品种‘磨山雄7号’杂交产生的400余株F_(1)代个体为材料,连续2~3年对其果实品质和外观特点的9个性状进行测定,分析它们的遗传规律。结果显示,子代群体单果质量连续3年低于双亲中值,遗传传递力连续3年低于100%,优势率连续3年均为负值;可溶性固形物子代中值除2015年略低外,其余2年均高于亲中值12.3%;优势率均为正值,遗传传递力均大于100%;子代果实形状出现分离,与母本圆柱形相同的比例占82%;果皮毛被中,偏离母本的有毛比例为60%;果皮颜色出现绿色、绿褐色、褐色的分离,比例为1∶1.5∶1;果实肩部形状多与母本的方形相似,占比为63%;果肉颜色也多与母本的绿色相似,占比为86%;果实风味中,与父本和母本相似的表型占比均为32%,口感酸的占比18%,超低亲极酸占比1%,超高亲浓甜占比9%。说明杂交子代单果质量和可溶性固形物含量分别表现为趋小和趋高的遗传倾向;果实形状、果实肩部形状和果肉颜色的遗传倾向于母本性状,而果皮毛被的遗传倾向偏离母本性状;果实风味具有广泛的性状分离现象,存在远高于高亲值和远低于低亲值的极端单株。研究结果说明这些子代材料有选育成为优良猕猴桃单株的潜力。
