Precise diagnosis of lymph node metastasis is important for therapeutic regimen planning,prognosis analysis and probably better outcomes for cancer patients.In this work,^(68)Ga-labeled amphiphilic alternating copolym...Precise diagnosis of lymph node metastasis is important for therapeutic regimen planning,prognosis analysis and probably better outcomes for cancer patients.In this work,^(68)Ga-labeled amphiphilic alternating copolymers nanoparticles with different rigid ligands were synthesized as positron emission tomography(PET)probes for lymph node metastasis imaging.The labeling efficiency and stability of nanoparticles was improved with increased rigidity of coordination unit.PU(^(68)Ga-L-MDI-PEG)nanoparticles(PU(^(68)Ga-L-MDI-PEG)NPs)with the strongest rigidity of coordination unit exhibited the lowest critical micelle concentration,the best^(68)Ga labeling efficiency and stability.During in vivo lymph node metastasis imaging,PU(^(68)Ga-L-MDI-PEG)NPs led to different accumulations in normal lymph nodes(N-LN)and tumor metastasized sentinel lymph nodes(T-SLN),which resulted in different PET signal presentation,making it feasible to differentiate N-LN from T-SLN.In comparison,small molecule probe^(68)GaL had poor lymph node accumulation,not only making it difficult to find lymph nodes on PET/computed tomography scan,but also tough to distinguish N-LN from metastatic ones.Overall,this work provides a reference for design of^(68)Ga labeled polymeric nanoparticles with high chelation efficiency and stability,as sensitive PET probes for lymph node imaging.展开更多
In this general equilibrium model, firms engage in oligopolistic competition and choose increasing returns technologies to maximize profits. Capital and labor are the two factors of production. The existence of effici...In this general equilibrium model, firms engage in oligopolistic competition and choose increasing returns technologies to maximize profits. Capital and labor are the two factors of production. The existence of efficiency wages leads to unemployment. The model is able to explain some interesting observations of the labor market. First, even though there is neither long-term labor contract nor costs of wage adjustment, wage rigidity is an equilibrium phenomenon： an increase in the exogenous job separation rate, the size of the population, the cost of exerting effort, and the probability that shirking is detected will not change the equilibrium wage rate. Second, the equilibrium wage rate increases with the level of capital stock. Third, a higher level of capital stock does not necessarily reduce the unemployment rate. That is, there is no monotonic relationship between capital accumulation and the unemployment rate.展开更多
This note is an effort to view the research program of Brecher and his co-workers to deploy tax incentives against involuntary unemployment in the broader context; on both the equity-efficiency trade-off in political ...This note is an effort to view the research program of Brecher and his co-workers to deploy tax incentives against involuntary unemployment in the broader context; on both the equity-efficiency trade-off in political economy, and the dual economic structure in the theoretic foundations of market equilibrium.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Nos.51903174 and 52073192)Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81621003).
文摘Precise diagnosis of lymph node metastasis is important for therapeutic regimen planning,prognosis analysis and probably better outcomes for cancer patients.In this work,^(68)Ga-labeled amphiphilic alternating copolymers nanoparticles with different rigid ligands were synthesized as positron emission tomography(PET)probes for lymph node metastasis imaging.The labeling efficiency and stability of nanoparticles was improved with increased rigidity of coordination unit.PU(^(68)Ga-L-MDI-PEG)nanoparticles(PU(^(68)Ga-L-MDI-PEG)NPs)with the strongest rigidity of coordination unit exhibited the lowest critical micelle concentration,the best^(68)Ga labeling efficiency and stability.During in vivo lymph node metastasis imaging,PU(^(68)Ga-L-MDI-PEG)NPs led to different accumulations in normal lymph nodes(N-LN)and tumor metastasized sentinel lymph nodes(T-SLN),which resulted in different PET signal presentation,making it feasible to differentiate N-LN from T-SLN.In comparison,small molecule probe^(68)GaL had poor lymph node accumulation,not only making it difficult to find lymph nodes on PET/computed tomography scan,but also tough to distinguish N-LN from metastatic ones.Overall,this work provides a reference for design of^(68)Ga labeled polymeric nanoparticles with high chelation efficiency and stability,as sensitive PET probes for lymph node imaging.
文摘In this general equilibrium model, firms engage in oligopolistic competition and choose increasing returns technologies to maximize profits. Capital and labor are the two factors of production. The existence of efficiency wages leads to unemployment. The model is able to explain some interesting observations of the labor market. First, even though there is neither long-term labor contract nor costs of wage adjustment, wage rigidity is an equilibrium phenomenon： an increase in the exogenous job separation rate, the size of the population, the cost of exerting effort, and the probability that shirking is detected will not change the equilibrium wage rate. Second, the equilibrium wage rate increases with the level of capital stock. Third, a higher level of capital stock does not necessarily reduce the unemployment rate. That is, there is no monotonic relationship between capital accumulation and the unemployment rate.
文摘This note is an effort to view the research program of Brecher and his co-workers to deploy tax incentives against involuntary unemployment in the broader context; on both the equity-efficiency trade-off in political economy, and the dual economic structure in the theoretic foundations of market equilibrium.
