China is in a stage of rapid industrialization. Over the past two decades, the size of the Chineseeconomyhasmorethan quadrupledandenergyconsumptionhasmorethandoubled. The drivefor moreindustrialization overthenexttwo ...China is in a stage of rapid industrialization. Over the past two decades, the size of the Chineseeconomyhasmorethan quadrupledandenergyconsumptionhasmorethandoubled. The drivefor moreindustrialization overthenexttwo decades isleading to similardynamics on a much larger scale. The net increase in emissions of CO2 between 1990 and 2001 amounted to 823 million tons, accounting for27 percent ofthe world total. Energysupplies and security are keyconstraintsto industrialization;therefore, mitigation of emissionscan in fact contribute to the achievement of development goals. There is a need for China to pursuea path oflow carbon development. However, low and zero carbon technologies can hardlymeet thedemandsforthephysicalexpansion oftheeconomy. In ordertocope with the challenges for low carbon development, factors such as responsibility, capability, and potentials have to be taken into account in an international climateregime.展开更多
To begin with, rating systems are a beneficial tool in determining the efficiency of a building’s ability to utilise its resources effectively. In this study, the two elements under comparison are the Building Rating...To begin with, rating systems are a beneficial tool in determining the efficiency of a building’s ability to utilise its resources effectively. In this study, the two elements under comparison are the Building Rating Systems (BRSs) and Occupant Rating Systems (ORSs). The main objective of this paper is to be able to examine the most commonly applied international and national BRS and ORS and, based on that, discover the possibility of developing an integration of both the BRS and ORS into one rating system. Quite simply, a BRS is a method by which buildings are assessed and given a score based on numerous features such as the efficiency of each of the services, total energy consumption, and alternate options of consumption. There are various BRSs that are implemented globally, each with its own set of criteria and specifications. Thus, based on the analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of both types of rating systems, it could be deduced that a well-rounded rating system with all technical and non-technical aspects combined would be beneficial to both the efficiency of the building as well as the building occupants’ health and well-being.展开更多
This paper brings together the debate on economic impacts of renewable energy (RE) deployment and the discussion on modelling endogenous technological change on the global markets for the different renewable power gen...This paper brings together the debate on economic impacts of renewable energy (RE) deployment and the discussion on modelling endogenous technological change on the global markets for the different renewable power generation technologies. Economic impacts of RE deployment are still mostly discussed on national level, where different effects have been identified. Recent research for Germany shows positive effects on the macro level and different distributional impacts. High investment in solar photovoltaics (PV) from 2010 to 2012 and induced increases in the RE sur-charge are the main drivers. At the same time, cost reductions for wind and solar PV take place on global markets, with global learning curves explaining the cost reductions very well. This calls for better including the international dimension into the modelling. The complex feedback loops between global cost curves and national policies, which react to global learning with some time lags, are not yet integrated into complex economic models. These models have to capture different RE technologies, different industries, either delivering the RE technologies or strongly depending on electricity prices, which are influenced by national support policies and macroeconomic development. As a first step to better understand the role of international markets, assumptions on RE exports based on global scenarios can be used. Results show the importance of global markets at least for the German RE industries. If the international dimension is taken into account, mainly positive economic impacts of further RE deployment can be observed.展开更多
Clean energy is vital for the sustainability of any economy in the world. Many industrialized nations have increased their production capacity of renewable energy while other countries lacking the technical expertise ...Clean energy is vital for the sustainability of any economy in the world. Many industrialized nations have increased their production capacity of renewable energy while other countries lacking the technical expertise and resource have resorted to import these technologies. The imported technologies mostly have standards that are followed by the manufactures while others are manufactured cheaply and exported to developing countries that do not have adequate standards and certification bodies. Nigeria which is a fast growing country has no existing standards to check the influx of renewable energy technologies into the country. This study stresses the need for the development of standards for renewable energy technologies in order to prevent the importation of substandard renewable energy technologies in Nigeria. The study reviews the renewable energy potentials in Nigeria, introduces the concept of standardization and discusses the development of standards for renewable energy technologies.展开更多
This article examines the development of the four main renewable energy technologies (RET) in Spain in the latest years: biomass, small hydro (SH), solar photovoltaic (solar PV) and wind. It has been studied the varia...This article examines the development of the four main renewable energy technologies (RET) in Spain in the latest years: biomass, small hydro (SH), solar photovoltaic (solar PV) and wind. It has been studied the variation of the work-ing time per MW installed available from the on line data base of Spanish National Commission on Energy (SNCE), in the national context and in each of the Autonomic Communities (AACC). We have also obtained the marginal cost curve of the global RE. The main conclusions of the study are that Spain is effective meeting the RE generation target but not efficient in costs and in short term it is not any RETs that can achieve competitive price comparing to the elec-trical market.展开更多
Combined heat and power (CHP) plants (co-generation plants) using biomass as fuel, can be an interesting alternative to the predominant electrical heating in Canada. The biomass-fueled boiler provides heat for the ste...Combined heat and power (CHP) plants (co-generation plants) using biomass as fuel, can be an interesting alternative to the predominant electrical heating in Canada. The biomass-fueled boiler provides heat for the steam cycle which in turn generates electricity from the generator connected to the steam turbine. In addition, heat from the process is supplied to a district heating system. The heat can be extracted from the system in a number of ways, by using a back-pressure steam turbine, an extraction steam turbine or by extracting heat directly from the boiler. The objective of the paper is the design, modeling and simulation of such CHP plant. The plant should be sized for providing electric-ity and heat for the Anticosti Island community in Quebec.展开更多
文摘China is in a stage of rapid industrialization. Over the past two decades, the size of the Chineseeconomyhasmorethan quadrupledandenergyconsumptionhasmorethandoubled. The drivefor moreindustrialization overthenexttwo decades isleading to similardynamics on a much larger scale. The net increase in emissions of CO2 between 1990 and 2001 amounted to 823 million tons, accounting for27 percent ofthe world total. Energysupplies and security are keyconstraintsto industrialization;therefore, mitigation of emissionscan in fact contribute to the achievement of development goals. There is a need for China to pursuea path oflow carbon development. However, low and zero carbon technologies can hardlymeet thedemandsforthephysicalexpansion oftheeconomy. In ordertocope with the challenges for low carbon development, factors such as responsibility, capability, and potentials have to be taken into account in an international climateregime.
文摘To begin with, rating systems are a beneficial tool in determining the efficiency of a building’s ability to utilise its resources effectively. In this study, the two elements under comparison are the Building Rating Systems (BRSs) and Occupant Rating Systems (ORSs). The main objective of this paper is to be able to examine the most commonly applied international and national BRS and ORS and, based on that, discover the possibility of developing an integration of both the BRS and ORS into one rating system. Quite simply, a BRS is a method by which buildings are assessed and given a score based on numerous features such as the efficiency of each of the services, total energy consumption, and alternate options of consumption. There are various BRSs that are implemented globally, each with its own set of criteria and specifications. Thus, based on the analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of both types of rating systems, it could be deduced that a well-rounded rating system with all technical and non-technical aspects combined would be beneficial to both the efficiency of the building as well as the building occupants’ health and well-being.
文摘This paper brings together the debate on economic impacts of renewable energy (RE) deployment and the discussion on modelling endogenous technological change on the global markets for the different renewable power generation technologies. Economic impacts of RE deployment are still mostly discussed on national level, where different effects have been identified. Recent research for Germany shows positive effects on the macro level and different distributional impacts. High investment in solar photovoltaics (PV) from 2010 to 2012 and induced increases in the RE sur-charge are the main drivers. At the same time, cost reductions for wind and solar PV take place on global markets, with global learning curves explaining the cost reductions very well. This calls for better including the international dimension into the modelling. The complex feedback loops between global cost curves and national policies, which react to global learning with some time lags, are not yet integrated into complex economic models. These models have to capture different RE technologies, different industries, either delivering the RE technologies or strongly depending on electricity prices, which are influenced by national support policies and macroeconomic development. As a first step to better understand the role of international markets, assumptions on RE exports based on global scenarios can be used. Results show the importance of global markets at least for the German RE industries. If the international dimension is taken into account, mainly positive economic impacts of further RE deployment can be observed.
文摘Clean energy is vital for the sustainability of any economy in the world. Many industrialized nations have increased their production capacity of renewable energy while other countries lacking the technical expertise and resource have resorted to import these technologies. The imported technologies mostly have standards that are followed by the manufactures while others are manufactured cheaply and exported to developing countries that do not have adequate standards and certification bodies. Nigeria which is a fast growing country has no existing standards to check the influx of renewable energy technologies into the country. This study stresses the need for the development of standards for renewable energy technologies in order to prevent the importation of substandard renewable energy technologies in Nigeria. The study reviews the renewable energy potentials in Nigeria, introduces the concept of standardization and discusses the development of standards for renewable energy technologies.
文摘This article examines the development of the four main renewable energy technologies (RET) in Spain in the latest years: biomass, small hydro (SH), solar photovoltaic (solar PV) and wind. It has been studied the variation of the work-ing time per MW installed available from the on line data base of Spanish National Commission on Energy (SNCE), in the national context and in each of the Autonomic Communities (AACC). We have also obtained the marginal cost curve of the global RE. The main conclusions of the study are that Spain is effective meeting the RE generation target but not efficient in costs and in short term it is not any RETs that can achieve competitive price comparing to the elec-trical market.
文摘Combined heat and power (CHP) plants (co-generation plants) using biomass as fuel, can be an interesting alternative to the predominant electrical heating in Canada. The biomass-fueled boiler provides heat for the steam cycle which in turn generates electricity from the generator connected to the steam turbine. In addition, heat from the process is supplied to a district heating system. The heat can be extracted from the system in a number of ways, by using a back-pressure steam turbine, an extraction steam turbine or by extracting heat directly from the boiler. The objective of the paper is the design, modeling and simulation of such CHP plant. The plant should be sized for providing electric-ity and heat for the Anticosti Island community in Quebec.
