为实现对城市韧性的有效评价,本论文在系统研究国际城市韧性评价体系的基础之上,结合中国城市发展的现状,基于对城市灾后实际恢复过程的系统考察,建立了基于恢复过程的城市韧性评价体系。该评价体系通过解析城市灾后恢复过程的四个阶段...为实现对城市韧性的有效评价,本论文在系统研究国际城市韧性评价体系的基础之上,结合中国城市发展的现状,基于对城市灾后实际恢复过程的系统考察,建立了基于恢复过程的城市韧性评价体系。该评价体系通过解析城市灾后恢复过程的四个阶段:救援阶段(Rescue)、避难阶段(Refuge)、重建阶段(Rebuild)、复兴阶段(Revival),从社区与人口(Community and Population)、政府与管理(Official Organization and Management)、住房与设施(Valuable Housing and Facilities)、经济与发展(Economy and Development)、环境与文化(Renewable Environment and Culture)共五个维度,以62项指标对城市的韧性进行系统分析。这一体系可以简称为城市韧性评价的ReCOVER体系,其中“Re”代表了城市恢复的四个阶段,COVER则分别代表了城市韧性的五个维度。进而以该体系为基础,对我国大陆31个省级行政区域的城市韧性进行了五个维度、四个阶段的实证研究,并对城市韧性的提升策略,给出了分析建议。展开更多
实施好长江10年禁渔是国家“十四五”工作中的一项重要内容,有效跟踪和客观评价禁渔效果业已成为当下的重大需求。长江刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是长距离溯河洄游型鱼类,在自海入江繁殖洄游过程中所受渔捞压力非常大,资源量已岌岌可危。长江...实施好长江10年禁渔是国家“十四五”工作中的一项重要内容,有效跟踪和客观评价禁渔效果业已成为当下的重大需求。长江刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是长距离溯河洄游型鱼类,在自海入江繁殖洄游过程中所受渔捞压力非常大,资源量已岌岌可危。长江禁渔已于2019年启动实施,以刀鲚为代表聚焦禁渔前后固定生境及相近渔季,对刀鲚资源群体及渔获量开展比较研究,可有效追踪和评价长江禁渔对珍稀濒危鱼类种群数量恢复的效果。本研究基于长达7年间的禁渔前(2014—2018年)、后(2019—2020年)同期采样监测数据,开展了长江禁渔的效果追踪和评价研究。结果显示,禁渔前(2014—2018年)溯河洄游型刀鲚单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unit effort,CPUE)仅为(0.81±1.73)[×10^(–5),ind./(h·m)][即(1.13±2.42)ind./d],数量占比仅为(1.42±2.41)%;而禁渔后(2019—2020年)刀鲚CPUE高至(66.14±69.74)[×10^(–5),ind./(h·m)][即(92.60±97.64)ind./d],较禁渔前增长约82倍;数量占比亦增至(60.56±40.87)%,较前者增长约43倍。本研究首次表明,受益于已实施2年的长江禁渔战略,鄱阳湖洄游刀鲚数量恢复的效果已经凸显。展开更多
Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Vall...Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Whether the project of lake recovery can be successful depends on the compensation to the farmers who have lost their original benefits and contributed to the wetland ecosystem recovery by returning farmland to lake. Aiming at the wetland recovery of the Dongting Lake, the practical implementation of pro- grams of the lake recovery and flood control in this area has been challenged by the heavy task of population resettlement, so it is an ideal area for case studies to reach the academic objectives proposed as the above. Based on field survey and experimentation, this research evaluated the benefit losses of the resettled farmers and the increased values of ecosystem service functions caused by wetland recovery, and furthermore, the value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers was calculated by considering the combination of the farmers＇ compensation appeal. The value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers in the Dongting Lake area was 6084.5 yuan per household by synthetic analysis of the effects on wetland ecosystem restoration. Moreover, this article took Dongting Lake area as a case to study and explore the basic issues of the eco-compensation by returning farmland to lake, that was who should pay, who should be paid, how much the payment was and what the payment means was, which sought the mechanisms of wetland restoration eco-compensation and prompted the people＇s enthusiasms for ecological restoration.展开更多
文摘为实现对城市韧性的有效评价,本论文在系统研究国际城市韧性评价体系的基础之上,结合中国城市发展的现状,基于对城市灾后实际恢复过程的系统考察,建立了基于恢复过程的城市韧性评价体系。该评价体系通过解析城市灾后恢复过程的四个阶段:救援阶段(Rescue)、避难阶段(Refuge)、重建阶段(Rebuild)、复兴阶段(Revival),从社区与人口(Community and Population)、政府与管理(Official Organization and Management)、住房与设施(Valuable Housing and Facilities)、经济与发展(Economy and Development)、环境与文化(Renewable Environment and Culture)共五个维度,以62项指标对城市的韧性进行系统分析。这一体系可以简称为城市韧性评价的ReCOVER体系,其中“Re”代表了城市恢复的四个阶段,COVER则分别代表了城市韧性的五个维度。进而以该体系为基础,对我国大陆31个省级行政区域的城市韧性进行了五个维度、四个阶段的实证研究,并对城市韧性的提升策略,给出了分析建议。
文摘实施好长江10年禁渔是国家“十四五”工作中的一项重要内容,有效跟踪和客观评价禁渔效果业已成为当下的重大需求。长江刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是长距离溯河洄游型鱼类,在自海入江繁殖洄游过程中所受渔捞压力非常大,资源量已岌岌可危。长江禁渔已于2019年启动实施,以刀鲚为代表聚焦禁渔前后固定生境及相近渔季,对刀鲚资源群体及渔获量开展比较研究,可有效追踪和评价长江禁渔对珍稀濒危鱼类种群数量恢复的效果。本研究基于长达7年间的禁渔前(2014—2018年)、后(2019—2020年)同期采样监测数据,开展了长江禁渔的效果追踪和评价研究。结果显示,禁渔前(2014—2018年)溯河洄游型刀鲚单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unit effort,CPUE)仅为(0.81±1.73)[×10^(–5),ind./(h·m)][即(1.13±2.42)ind./d],数量占比仅为(1.42±2.41)%;而禁渔后(2019—2020年)刀鲚CPUE高至(66.14±69.74)[×10^(–5),ind./(h·m)][即(92.60±97.64)ind./d],较禁渔前增长约82倍;数量占比亦增至(60.56±40.87)%,较前者增长约43倍。本研究首次表明,受益于已实施2年的长江禁渔战略,鄱阳湖洄游刀鲚数量恢复的效果已经凸显。
基金Social Science Foundation of Hunan Province, No.09YBA003 Science ＆ Technology Research Project of Hunan Province, No.2009JT3005+2 种基金 Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS, No.KZCX2-SW-415 Foundation of Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region Wetland Project of WWF
文摘Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Whether the project of lake recovery can be successful depends on the compensation to the farmers who have lost their original benefits and contributed to the wetland ecosystem recovery by returning farmland to lake. Aiming at the wetland recovery of the Dongting Lake, the practical implementation of pro- grams of the lake recovery and flood control in this area has been challenged by the heavy task of population resettlement, so it is an ideal area for case studies to reach the academic objectives proposed as the above. Based on field survey and experimentation, this research evaluated the benefit losses of the resettled farmers and the increased values of ecosystem service functions caused by wetland recovery, and furthermore, the value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers was calculated by considering the combination of the farmers＇ compensation appeal. The value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers in the Dongting Lake area was 6084.5 yuan per household by synthetic analysis of the effects on wetland ecosystem restoration. Moreover, this article took Dongting Lake area as a case to study and explore the basic issues of the eco-compensation by returning farmland to lake, that was who should pay, who should be paid, how much the payment was and what the payment means was, which sought the mechanisms of wetland restoration eco-compensation and prompted the people＇s enthusiasms for ecological restoration.
