Large areas in the Czech Republic were used for open casts of brown coal mining.Many of them have been already closed.Reclamation of them and of their dumps is the next step intheir development.It is possible to divid...Large areas in the Czech Republic were used for open casts of brown coal mining.Many of them have been already closed.Reclamation of them and of their dumps is the next step intheir development.It is possible to divide used reclamations into the forest,hydrologic,agricultural and other onesroads,etc.Their age varies from 45 years to as yet unfinished.Reclaimed areas are documented in reclamation projects.Information about age and land use determined groups of these areas to be evaluated by vegetation indices.100 areas with forest type were evaluated.Eight vegetation indices(NDVI,DVI,RVI,PVI,SAVI,MSAVI,TSAVI and EVI)were calculated and their average value in each area in 1988,1992 and 1998 Thematic Mapper data were compared.Changes over years showed close relation to precipitations of previous periods.This relation was confirmed by evaluation of forest areas situated near reclamation areas.Positive/negative changes of vegetation indices were different for different groups and different vegetation indices.An overview of results of vegetation indices is presented for individual areas whose land use comprised at least partly forest stand.Results in a 4-year period(19881992)were in many areas by many indices negative,changes in 10 years were in most areas by most vegetation indices positive.Changes,minimum values and maximum values in groups were compared.Evaluation of vegetation indices brought again various results.One vegetation index is not sufficient to prove improvement/deterioration of vegetation changes.Precipitation state before measurement should be controlled.Temporary shortage of precipitation can cause vegetation cover deterioration,which is also only temporary.The best development derived from vegetation indices evaluation was found at forest reclamation with mixed tree stand that was 1020 years old.The method was derived as a tool for post-finishing control of vegetation development of reclamations performed in several year periods.展开更多
The risks posed by algal blooms caused by nitrogen and phosphorus in reclaimed water used in urban water landscapes need to be carefully controlled.In this study,the combined effects of the nitrogen and phosphorus con...The risks posed by algal blooms caused by nitrogen and phosphorus in reclaimed water used in urban water landscapes need to be carefully controlled.In this study,the combined effects of the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and the light intensity and temperature on the specific growth rates of algae were determined using Monod,Steele,and Arrhenius models,then an integrated algal growth model was developed.The algae biomass,nitrogen concentration,and phosphorus concentration mass balance equations were used to establish a new control model describing the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration and hydraulic retention time thresholds for algal blooms.The model parameters were determined by fitting the models to data acquired experimentally.Finally,the control model and numerical simulations for six typical algae and mixed algae under standard conditions were used to determine nitrogen/phosphorus concentration and hydraulic retention time thresholds for landscape water to which reclaimed water is supplied(i.e.,for a reclaimed water landscape).展开更多
Through field and laboratory tests we studied the temporal and spatial variation in the soil content of four available trace elements:copper(Cu),iron(Fe),manganese(Mn)and zinc(Zn),to analyze their distribution charact...Through field and laboratory tests we studied the temporal and spatial variation in the soil content of four available trace elements:copper(Cu),iron(Fe),manganese(Mn)and zinc(Zn),to analyze their distribution characteristics in reclaimed mining land under different reclamation conditions.The available trace elements content varied considerably with different land reclamation patterns.Extended reclamation time was helpful for the recovery of the available trace element content in the soil,and after more than eight years of soil reclamation,the content of available trace elements was closer to or greater than that in soil under natural conditions.Various treatment measures significantly influenced the content and distribution of available trace elements in the soil,and reasonable artificial treatments,including covering the soil and growing shrubs and herbaceous plants,increased the content of available trace elements.展开更多
再生水是改善水资源布局和缓解传统水源短缺问题的一种合理且可持续的替代水源,但用于灌溉会引起土壤和作物中微生物群落结构和条件致病菌丰度变化,目前这方面的研究报道较少.本研究以辣椒为对象,设置再生水灌溉(DI)、清水和再生水混灌(...再生水是改善水资源布局和缓解传统水源短缺问题的一种合理且可持续的替代水源,但用于灌溉会引起土壤和作物中微生物群落结构和条件致病菌丰度变化,目前这方面的研究报道较少.本研究以辣椒为对象,设置再生水灌溉(DI)、清水和再生水混灌(MI,清水∶再生水=1∶1)、清水和再生水轮灌(RI)处理,以清水灌溉(PI)为对照,通过温室盆栽试验研究不同灌溉方式对土壤性质的影响,并基于高通量测序技术结合定量PCR方法探讨再生水灌溉下辣椒果实与根际细菌群落组成和病原菌分布丰度特征.结果表明,与清水灌溉相比,再生水直接灌溉增加了土壤EC值,而降低了pH值.16S r DNA高通量测序结果显示,在门分类水平上,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria和Firmicutes是辣椒果实和根际共有的主要类群,其优势菌属Pantoea、Pseudomonas、Sphingomonas、Sphingopyxis、Luteimonas和Mariniflexile的相对丰度受再生水灌溉方式的影响较大.再生水灌溉分别使辣椒果实和根际中Legionella spp.和Pseudomonas syringae丰度显著增加,并且对病原菌丰度的影响差异较大.综上所述,再生水适宜作为农业灌溉用水,但不同灌溉方式可能不同程度上引入微生物污染问题,其中特定条件致病菌和植物病原菌值得关注.展开更多
基金The project was financially supported by grant of the Czech Grant Agency GA 205/06/1037 Application of Geoinformation Technologies for Improvement of Rainfall-Runoff Relation-ships.
文摘Large areas in the Czech Republic were used for open casts of brown coal mining.Many of them have been already closed.Reclamation of them and of their dumps is the next step intheir development.It is possible to divide used reclamations into the forest,hydrologic,agricultural and other onesroads,etc.Their age varies from 45 years to as yet unfinished.Reclaimed areas are documented in reclamation projects.Information about age and land use determined groups of these areas to be evaluated by vegetation indices.100 areas with forest type were evaluated.Eight vegetation indices(NDVI,DVI,RVI,PVI,SAVI,MSAVI,TSAVI and EVI)were calculated and their average value in each area in 1988,1992 and 1998 Thematic Mapper data were compared.Changes over years showed close relation to precipitations of previous periods.This relation was confirmed by evaluation of forest areas situated near reclamation areas.Positive/negative changes of vegetation indices were different for different groups and different vegetation indices.An overview of results of vegetation indices is presented for individual areas whose land use comprised at least partly forest stand.Results in a 4-year period(19881992)were in many areas by many indices negative,changes in 10 years were in most areas by most vegetation indices positive.Changes,minimum values and maximum values in groups were compared.Evaluation of vegetation indices brought again various results.One vegetation index is not sufficient to prove improvement/deterioration of vegetation changes.Precipitation state before measurement should be controlled.Temporary shortage of precipitation can cause vegetation cover deterioration,which is also only temporary.The best development derived from vegetation indices evaluation was found at forest reclamation with mixed tree stand that was 1020 years old.The method was derived as a tool for post-finishing control of vegetation development of reclamations performed in several year periods.
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51738005).
文摘The risks posed by algal blooms caused by nitrogen and phosphorus in reclaimed water used in urban water landscapes need to be carefully controlled.In this study,the combined effects of the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and the light intensity and temperature on the specific growth rates of algae were determined using Monod,Steele,and Arrhenius models,then an integrated algal growth model was developed.The algae biomass,nitrogen concentration,and phosphorus concentration mass balance equations were used to establish a new control model describing the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration and hydraulic retention time thresholds for algal blooms.The model parameters were determined by fitting the models to data acquired experimentally.Finally,the control model and numerical simulations for six typical algae and mixed algae under standard conditions were used to determine nitrogen/phosphorus concentration and hydraulic retention time thresholds for landscape water to which reclaimed water is supplied(i.e.,for a reclaimed water landscape).
基金This study was funded by the National Science and Technology Support Project(2011BAD31B01)the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41071182)Non-profit Industry Financial Program of MWR(201201084).
文摘Through field and laboratory tests we studied the temporal and spatial variation in the soil content of four available trace elements:copper(Cu),iron(Fe),manganese(Mn)and zinc(Zn),to analyze their distribution characteristics in reclaimed mining land under different reclamation conditions.The available trace elements content varied considerably with different land reclamation patterns.Extended reclamation time was helpful for the recovery of the available trace element content in the soil,and after more than eight years of soil reclamation,the content of available trace elements was closer to or greater than that in soil under natural conditions.Various treatment measures significantly influenced the content and distribution of available trace elements in the soil,and reasonable artificial treatments,including covering the soil and growing shrubs and herbaceous plants,increased the content of available trace elements.
文摘再生水是改善水资源布局和缓解传统水源短缺问题的一种合理且可持续的替代水源,但用于灌溉会引起土壤和作物中微生物群落结构和条件致病菌丰度变化,目前这方面的研究报道较少.本研究以辣椒为对象,设置再生水灌溉(DI)、清水和再生水混灌(MI,清水∶再生水=1∶1)、清水和再生水轮灌(RI)处理,以清水灌溉(PI)为对照,通过温室盆栽试验研究不同灌溉方式对土壤性质的影响,并基于高通量测序技术结合定量PCR方法探讨再生水灌溉下辣椒果实与根际细菌群落组成和病原菌分布丰度特征.结果表明,与清水灌溉相比,再生水直接灌溉增加了土壤EC值,而降低了pH值.16S r DNA高通量测序结果显示,在门分类水平上,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria和Firmicutes是辣椒果实和根际共有的主要类群,其优势菌属Pantoea、Pseudomonas、Sphingomonas、Sphingopyxis、Luteimonas和Mariniflexile的相对丰度受再生水灌溉方式的影响较大.再生水灌溉分别使辣椒果实和根际中Legionella spp.和Pseudomonas syringae丰度显著增加,并且对病原菌丰度的影响差异较大.综上所述,再生水适宜作为农业灌溉用水,但不同灌溉方式可能不同程度上引入微生物污染问题,其中特定条件致病菌和植物病原菌值得关注.
