Antigen receptors, including immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors, are known to be widely expressed by cancer cells through unconfirmed mechanisms and for unknown purposes. Recently, a monoclonal antibody, designated ...Antigen receptors, including immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors, are known to be widely expressed by cancer cells through unconfirmed mechanisms and for unknown purposes. Recently, a monoclonal antibody, designated as RP215, was generated against the ovarian cancer cell line, OC-3-VGH, and was shown to react with CA215, which consisted mainly of these cancer cell-expressed antigen receptors. Experimental evidence has clearly indicated that cancerous immunoglobulins play significant roles in the growth and proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. RP215 and anti-antigen receptor antibodies were equally effective in inducing apoptosis and complement-dependent cytotoxicity reactions to cultured cancer cells. Through gene regulation studies, both RP215 and antibodies against antigen-receptors were shown to affect more than a dozen of genes involved in cell proliferation (such as NFκB-1, IgG, P21, cyclin D1, ribosomal P1, and c-fos). Furthermore, selected toll-like receptor genes (TLR- 2, -3, -4, and -9) were also found to be highly regulated by both RP215 and anti-antigen receptor antibodies. For example, RP215 and anti-antigen receptor antibodies were found to both up-regulate TLR-2 and/or TLR-3 and down- regulate TLR-4 and TLR-9 intwo types of cancer cells. Based on these studies, it is reasonable to postulate that cancerous immunoglobulins play important roles in the modulation of the innate immune system to allow the growth and survival of cancer cells within the human body. Consequently, RP215 inits humanized forms may be utilized to target cancer cells for potential therapeutic purposes.展开更多
目的:构建嵌合T细胞受体(chimeric T cell receptor,chTCR),它包括识别肿瘤相关抗原erbB2的单链抗体、共刺激分子CD28和CD3的信号转导链ζ,将其依次克隆入载体pcDNA3中,电转染入人外周血T淋巴细胞,使嵌合T细胞受体在T细胞表面表达,并验...目的:构建嵌合T细胞受体(chimeric T cell receptor,chTCR),它包括识别肿瘤相关抗原erbB2的单链抗体、共刺激分子CD28和CD3的信号转导链ζ,将其依次克隆入载体pcDNA3中,电转染入人外周血T淋巴细胞,使嵌合T细胞受体在T细胞表面表达,并验证其在体外和体内的抗肿瘤作用,为肿瘤的过继性免疫治疗提供新思路。方法:抗erbB2的单链抗体(由本所保存),人CD28分子的部分胞外段、跨膜区和胞内段,CD3ζ链的胞内段(分别由RT-PCR的方法获得)依次克隆入载体pcDNA3中,经酶切鉴定正确后,电转染进入人外周血T淋巴细胞,利用流式细胞仪检测T细胞结合Her2蛋白的功能;细胞杀伤试剂金检测T细胞的抗原特异性杀伤功能;并在裸鼠体内验证其对人的乳腺癌细胞株BT-474移植瘤的杀伤效应。结果:成功构建了抗erbB2嵌合T细胞受体并表达在人的T淋巴细胞表面,体外证明能结合Her2肿瘤抗原,并有抗原特异性的杀伤功能,在BALB／c裸鼠体内对表达erbB2的肿瘤细胞BT～474有显著的抑制肿瘤生长的作用。结论:表达嵌合T细胞受体的T淋巴细胞在体外和体内有抗原特异性的杀伤肿瘤的作用,是一种新的肿瘤过继性的免疫治疗策略。展开更多
T cells modified with chimeric antigen receptor are an attractive strategy to treat Epstein-Barr virus（EBV） associated malignancies.The EBV latent membrane protein 1（LMP1） is a 66-KD integral membrane protein enco...T cells modified with chimeric antigen receptor are an attractive strategy to treat Epstein-Barr virus（EBV） associated malignancies.The EBV latent membrane protein 1（LMP1） is a 66-KD integral membrane protein encoded by EBV that consists of transmembrane-spanning loops.Previously,we have identified a functional signal chain variable fragment（scFv） that specifically recognizes LMP1 through phage library screening.Here,we constructed a LMP1 specific chimeric antigen receptor containing anti-LMP1 scFv,the CD28 signalling domain,and the CD3ζchain（HELA/CAR）.We tested its functional ability to target LMP1 positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.HELA/CAR cells were efficiently generated using lentivirus vector encoding the LMP1-specific chimeric antigen receptor to infect activated human CD3＋ T cells.The HELA/CAR T cells displayed LMP1 specific cytolytic action and produced IFN-γ and IL-2 in response to nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells overexpressing LMP1.To demonstrate in vivo anti-tumor activity,we tested the HELA/CAR T cells in a xenograft model using an LMP1 overexpressing tumor.Intratumoral injection of anti-LMP1 HELA/CAR-T cells significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo.These results show that targeting LMP1 using HELA/CAR cells could represent an alternative therapeutic approach for patients with EBV-positive cancers.展开更多
Tumor immunity proceeds through multiple processes, which consist of antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells(APCs) to educate effector cells and destruction by the effector cytotoxic cells. However, tumor imm...Tumor immunity proceeds through multiple processes, which consist of antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells(APCs) to educate effector cells and destruction by the effector cytotoxic cells. However, tumor immunity is frequently repressed at tumor sites. Malignantly transformed cells rarely survive the attack by the immune system, but cells that do survive change their phenotypes to reduce their immunogenicity. The resultant cells evade the attack by the immune system and form clinically discernible tumors. Tumor microenvironments simultaneously contain a wide variety of immune suppressive molecules and cells to dampen tumor immunity. Moreover, the liver microenvironment exhibits immune tolerance to reduce aberrant immune responses to massively-exposed antigens via the portal vein, and immune dysfunction is frequently associated with liver cirrhosis, which is widespread in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) patients. Immune therapy aims to reduce tumor burden, but it is also expected to prevent non-cancerous liver lesions from progressing to HCC, because HCC develops or recurs from noncancerous liver lesions with chronic inflammatory states and/or cirrhosis and these lesions cannot be cured and/or eradicated by local and/or systemic therapies. Nevertheless, cancer immune therapy should augment specific tumor immunity by using two distinct measures: enhancing the effector cell functions such as antigen presentation capacity of APCs and tumor cell killing capacity of cytotoxic cells, and reactivating the immune system in immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments. Here, we will summarize the current status and discuss the future perspective on immune therapy for HCC.展开更多
Liver cancers, majority of which are primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), continue to be on the rise in the world. Furthermore, due to the lack of effective treatments, liver cancer ranks the 4th most common cause o...Liver cancers, majority of which are primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), continue to be on the rise in the world. Furthermore, due to the lack of effective treatments, liver cancer ranks the 4th most common cause of male cancer deaths. Novel therapies are urgently needed. Over the last few years,immunotherapies, especially the checkpoint blockades and adoptive cell therapies of engineered T cells,have demonstrated a great potential for treating malignant tumors including HCC. In this review, we summarize the current ongoing research of antigen-specific immunotherapies including cancer vaccines and adoptive cell therapies for HCC. We briefly discuss the HCC cancer vaccine and then focus on the antigen-specific T cells genetically engineered with the T cell receptor genes(TCRTs) and the chimeric antigen receptor genes(CARTs). We first review the current options of TCRTs and CARTs immunotherapies for HCC, and then analyze the factors and parameters that may help to improve the design of TCRTs and CARTs to enhance their antitumor efficacy and safety. Our goals are to render readers a panoramic view of the current stand of HCC immunotherapies and provide some strategies to design better TCRTs and CARTs to achieve more effective and durable antitumor effects.展开更多
文摘Antigen receptors, including immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors, are known to be widely expressed by cancer cells through unconfirmed mechanisms and for unknown purposes. Recently, a monoclonal antibody, designated as RP215, was generated against the ovarian cancer cell line, OC-3-VGH, and was shown to react with CA215, which consisted mainly of these cancer cell-expressed antigen receptors. Experimental evidence has clearly indicated that cancerous immunoglobulins play significant roles in the growth and proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. RP215 and anti-antigen receptor antibodies were equally effective in inducing apoptosis and complement-dependent cytotoxicity reactions to cultured cancer cells. Through gene regulation studies, both RP215 and antibodies against antigen-receptors were shown to affect more than a dozen of genes involved in cell proliferation (such as NFκB-1, IgG, P21, cyclin D1, ribosomal P1, and c-fos). Furthermore, selected toll-like receptor genes (TLR- 2, -3, -4, and -9) were also found to be highly regulated by both RP215 and anti-antigen receptor antibodies. For example, RP215 and anti-antigen receptor antibodies were found to both up-regulate TLR-2 and/or TLR-3 and down- regulate TLR-4 and TLR-9 intwo types of cancer cells. Based on these studies, it is reasonable to postulate that cancerous immunoglobulins play important roles in the modulation of the innate immune system to allow the growth and survival of cancer cells within the human body. Consequently, RP215 inits humanized forms may be utilized to target cancer cells for potential therapeutic purposes.
文摘目的:构建嵌合T细胞受体(chimeric T cell receptor,chTCR),它包括识别肿瘤相关抗原erbB2的单链抗体、共刺激分子CD28和CD3的信号转导链ζ,将其依次克隆入载体pcDNA3中,电转染入人外周血T淋巴细胞,使嵌合T细胞受体在T细胞表面表达,并验证其在体外和体内的抗肿瘤作用,为肿瘤的过继性免疫治疗提供新思路。方法:抗erbB2的单链抗体(由本所保存),人CD28分子的部分胞外段、跨膜区和胞内段,CD3ζ链的胞内段(分别由RT-PCR的方法获得)依次克隆入载体pcDNA3中,经酶切鉴定正确后,电转染进入人外周血T淋巴细胞,利用流式细胞仪检测T细胞结合Her2蛋白的功能;细胞杀伤试剂金检测T细胞的抗原特异性杀伤功能;并在裸鼠体内验证其对人的乳腺癌细胞株BT-474移植瘤的杀伤效应。结果:成功构建了抗erbB2嵌合T细胞受体并表达在人的T淋巴细胞表面,体外证明能结合Her2肿瘤抗原,并有抗原特异性的杀伤功能,在BALB／c裸鼠体内对表达erbB2的肿瘤细胞BT～474有显著的抑制肿瘤生长的作用。结论:表达嵌合T细胞受体的T淋巴细胞在体外和体内有抗原特异性的杀伤肿瘤的作用,是一种新的肿瘤过继性的免疫治疗策略。
基金supported in part by grants from the Special Fund of Clinical Medicine in Jiangsu Province(BL2013038)the Graduate Student Innovation Fund(CXZZ12_0563)
文摘T cells modified with chimeric antigen receptor are an attractive strategy to treat Epstein-Barr virus（EBV） associated malignancies.The EBV latent membrane protein 1（LMP1） is a 66-KD integral membrane protein encoded by EBV that consists of transmembrane-spanning loops.Previously,we have identified a functional signal chain variable fragment（scFv） that specifically recognizes LMP1 through phage library screening.Here,we constructed a LMP1 specific chimeric antigen receptor containing anti-LMP1 scFv,the CD28 signalling domain,and the CD3ζchain（HELA/CAR）.We tested its functional ability to target LMP1 positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.HELA/CAR cells were efficiently generated using lentivirus vector encoding the LMP1-specific chimeric antigen receptor to infect activated human CD3＋ T cells.The HELA/CAR T cells displayed LMP1 specific cytolytic action and produced IFN-γ and IL-2 in response to nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells overexpressing LMP1.To demonstrate in vivo anti-tumor activity,we tested the HELA/CAR T cells in a xenograft model using an LMP1 overexpressing tumor.Intratumoral injection of anti-LMP1 HELA/CAR-T cells significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo.These results show that targeting LMP1 using HELA/CAR cells could represent an alternative therapeutic approach for patients with EBV-positive cancers.
基金Supported by(in part)Research Programs on the Innovative Development and Application for New Drugs for Hepatitis B(No.17fk0310116h0001) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development(AMED)Extramural Collaborative Research Grant of Cancer Research Institute,Kanazawa University
文摘Tumor immunity proceeds through multiple processes, which consist of antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells(APCs) to educate effector cells and destruction by the effector cytotoxic cells. However, tumor immunity is frequently repressed at tumor sites. Malignantly transformed cells rarely survive the attack by the immune system, but cells that do survive change their phenotypes to reduce their immunogenicity. The resultant cells evade the attack by the immune system and form clinically discernible tumors. Tumor microenvironments simultaneously contain a wide variety of immune suppressive molecules and cells to dampen tumor immunity. Moreover, the liver microenvironment exhibits immune tolerance to reduce aberrant immune responses to massively-exposed antigens via the portal vein, and immune dysfunction is frequently associated with liver cirrhosis, which is widespread in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) patients. Immune therapy aims to reduce tumor burden, but it is also expected to prevent non-cancerous liver lesions from progressing to HCC, because HCC develops or recurs from noncancerous liver lesions with chronic inflammatory states and/or cirrhosis and these lesions cannot be cured and/or eradicated by local and/or systemic therapies. Nevertheless, cancer immune therapy should augment specific tumor immunity by using two distinct measures: enhancing the effector cell functions such as antigen presentation capacity of APCs and tumor cell killing capacity of cytotoxic cells, and reactivating the immune system in immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments. Here, we will summarize the current status and discuss the future perspective on immune therapy for HCC.
基金NIH/NCI grants(R01CA168912 and R01CA235159)Augusta University intramural grant。
文摘Liver cancers, majority of which are primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), continue to be on the rise in the world. Furthermore, due to the lack of effective treatments, liver cancer ranks the 4th most common cause of male cancer deaths. Novel therapies are urgently needed. Over the last few years,immunotherapies, especially the checkpoint blockades and adoptive cell therapies of engineered T cells,have demonstrated a great potential for treating malignant tumors including HCC. In this review, we summarize the current ongoing research of antigen-specific immunotherapies including cancer vaccines and adoptive cell therapies for HCC. We briefly discuss the HCC cancer vaccine and then focus on the antigen-specific T cells genetically engineered with the T cell receptor genes(TCRTs) and the chimeric antigen receptor genes(CARTs). We first review the current options of TCRTs and CARTs immunotherapies for HCC, and then analyze the factors and parameters that may help to improve the design of TCRTs and CARTs to enhance their antitumor efficacy and safety. Our goals are to render readers a panoramic view of the current stand of HCC immunotherapies and provide some strategies to design better TCRTs and CARTs to achieve more effective and durable antitumor effects.
