Reducing carbon emissions in the power sector is critical for transitioning to a sustainable and low-carbon future.Estimating carbon efficiency of demand side response(DSR)in the power system is an important step towa...Reducing carbon emissions in the power sector is critical for transitioning to a sustainable and low-carbon future.Estimating carbon efficiency of demand side response(DSR)in the power system is an important step towards realizing potential environmental benefits.Marginal emission factor(MEF)is an effective tool for estimating incremental changes in carbon emissions as a result of a change in demand.However,estimation methods currently used for evaluating MEF can be improved upon,specifically,by factoring in the ramp-rate constraint of generators in the fuel cost based merit order dispatch.In this paper is described a new method for MEF assessment under ramp-rate constraints;the method is then compared with two conventional estimations in a British power system.Three fuel price scenarios are used to conduct a sensitivity analysis of MEFs to fuel prices.Conclusions are drawn that can pave the way for future improvements in estimating MEF in power systems.展开更多
Material embrittlement is often encountered in machining,heat treatment,hydrogen and lowtemperature conditions among which machining is strain-rate related.More strain-rate evoked embrittlement is expected in material...Material embrittlement is often encountered in machining,heat treatment,hydrogen and lowtemperature conditions among which machining is strain-rate related.More strain-rate evoked embrittlement is expected in material loading processes,such as in high-speed machining and projectile penetration.In order to understand the fundamental mechanisms of the strain-rate evoked material embrittlement,this study is concerned with the material responses to loading at high strain-rates.It then explores the strain-rate evoked material embrittlement and fragmentation during high strain-rate loading processes and evaluates various empirical and physical models from different researchers for the assessment of the material embrittlement.The study proposes strain-rate sensitivity for the characterization of material embrittlement and the concept of the pseudo embrittlement for material responses to very high strain-rates.A discussion section is arranged to explore the underlying mechanisms of the strain-rate evoked material embrittlement and fragmentation based on dislocation kinetics.展开更多
基金This work was supported in part by the EPSRC UK and the NSFC,through the ERIFT project(51261130471).
文摘Reducing carbon emissions in the power sector is critical for transitioning to a sustainable and low-carbon future.Estimating carbon efficiency of demand side response(DSR)in the power system is an important step towards realizing potential environmental benefits.Marginal emission factor(MEF)is an effective tool for estimating incremental changes in carbon emissions as a result of a change in demand.However,estimation methods currently used for evaluating MEF can be improved upon,specifically,by factoring in the ramp-rate constraint of generators in the fuel cost based merit order dispatch.In this paper is described a new method for MEF assessment under ramp-rate constraints;the method is then compared with two conventional estimations in a British power system.Three fuel price scenarios are used to conduct a sensitivity analysis of MEFs to fuel prices.Conclusions are drawn that can pave the way for future improvements in estimating MEF in power systems.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the supports by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51575084)the Peacock Program of Shenzhen(Grant No.KQJSCX20180322152221965).
文摘Material embrittlement is often encountered in machining,heat treatment,hydrogen and lowtemperature conditions among which machining is strain-rate related.More strain-rate evoked embrittlement is expected in material loading processes,such as in high-speed machining and projectile penetration.In order to understand the fundamental mechanisms of the strain-rate evoked material embrittlement,this study is concerned with the material responses to loading at high strain-rates.It then explores the strain-rate evoked material embrittlement and fragmentation during high strain-rate loading processes and evaluates various empirical and physical models from different researchers for the assessment of the material embrittlement.The study proposes strain-rate sensitivity for the characterization of material embrittlement and the concept of the pseudo embrittlement for material responses to very high strain-rates.A discussion section is arranged to explore the underlying mechanisms of the strain-rate evoked material embrittlement and fragmentation based on dislocation kinetics.
