This paper discusses a method for identifying states in a multistage Decision Making Problem in which an Indifferent Event is either predetermined or can be automatically derived after the fact. First, when they are p...This paper discusses a method for identifying states in a multistage Decision Making Problem in which an Indifferent Event is either predetermined or can be automatically derived after the fact. First, when they are pre-set, the amount of possible information about Indifferent Event tends to be large. Therefore, since the decision is risk tolerant, the Max-Product method of Tanaka et al. is used to calculate the expected utility possibility. Next, in the case of automatic derivation after the fact, the amount of information on the possibility of Indifferent Event is relatively small, so the expected utility possibility is derived using Zadeh’s Fuzzy Event Possibility Measure. Here, it is assumed that the setting of the utility function is independent of the information on the occurrence of the Indifferent Event and is identified by the decision maker by lot drawing using the certainty equivalence method. As a concrete example, we focus on the pass/fail decision of a recommendation test, which is a two choice question in the No-Data Problem, and illustrate the multistage state identification method. .展开更多
In some practical applications modeled by discrete-event systems(DES),the observations of events may be no longer deterministic due to sensor faults/failures,packet loss,and/or measurement uncertainties.In this contex...In some practical applications modeled by discrete-event systems(DES),the observations of events may be no longer deterministic due to sensor faults/failures,packet loss,and/or measurement uncertainties.In this context,it is interesting to reconsider the infinite-step opacity(∞-SO)and K-step opacity(K-SO)of a DES under abnormal conditions as mentioned.In this paper,the authors extend the notions of∞-SO and K-SO defined in the standard setting to the framework of nondeterministic observations(i.e.,the event-observation mechanism is state-dependent and nondeterministic).Obviously,the extended notions of∞-SO and K-SO are more general than the previous standard ones.To effectively verify them,a matrix-based current state estimator in the context of this advanced framework is constructed using the Boolean semi-tensor product(BSTP)technique.Accordingly,the necessary and sufficient conditions for verifying these two extended versions of opacity are provided as well as their complexity analysis.Finally,several examples are given to illustrate the obtained theoretical results.展开更多
The recognition and management of risk in donation process and blood product is critical to ensure donor and patient safety. To achieve this goal, the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is a convenient method;mo...The recognition and management of risk in donation process and blood product is critical to ensure donor and patient safety. To achieve this goal, the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is a convenient method;moreover it was used to prevent the occurrence of adverse events and look at what could go strong at each step. This study aimed to utilize FMEA in central blood bank in Khartoum to evaluate the potential risk and adverse event that may occur during the donation process. According to the severity, occurrence and the detection of each failure mode, the risk priority number (RPN) was calculated to determine which of the failures should take priority to find a solution and applying corrective action to reduce the failure risk. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 11 was used as descriptive and analytical statistics tool. The FMEA technique provides a systematic method for finding vulnerabilities in a process before they result in an error, and in this study a satisfactory outcome was reached.展开更多
采用事件相关电位(Event-Related Potentials,E R P s)方法研究产品设计与性能的冲突对消费者决策过程的影响。在网络购物环境下,消费者对展示了设计与性能的产品进行购买决策,实验结束后根据设计(高审美吸引力/适中审美吸引力)与性能(...采用事件相关电位(Event-Related Potentials,E R P s)方法研究产品设计与性能的冲突对消费者决策过程的影响。在网络购物环境下,消费者对展示了设计与性能的产品进行购买决策,实验结束后根据设计(高审美吸引力/适中审美吸引力)与性能(高/低)是否一致将产品刺激划分为四种组别:组别1(一致:高审美吸引力设计+高性能)、组别2(冲突:高审美吸引力设计+低性能)、组别3(冲突:适中审美吸引力设计+高性能)和组别4(一致:适中审美吸引力设计+低性能)。研究结果显示,组别2和3会在大脑前额皮层诱发波幅较大的负成分N270波,说明消费者根据产品设计形成的性能期望与实际性能不符,形成了刺激与大脑内源信息的冲突,从神经学角度验证了"消费者认为高审美吸引力的设计意味着高性能"。组别1和2会在大脑顶区皮层诱发波幅较大的正成分P2波,这两个组别产品的确定购买率也较高,表明产品设计的美学对消费者的购买决策有正向影响。性能信息也影响着消费者对产品的审美体验,当产品设计的审美吸引力高时,冲突会降低消费者对产品的审美体验,进而降低产品的确定购买率;而当设计的审美吸引力适中时,冲突会提高消费者对产品的审美体验,进而提高产品的确定购买率。对比具有冲突的两个组别,组别2的产品确定购买率高于组别3,说明存在冲突时,审美体验也正向影响消费者的决策。该发现解释了消费者在网络购物时浏览商品照片和规格参数界面时的神经和心理层面的决策过程。展开更多
文摘This paper discusses a method for identifying states in a multistage Decision Making Problem in which an Indifferent Event is either predetermined or can be automatically derived after the fact. First, when they are pre-set, the amount of possible information about Indifferent Event tends to be large. Therefore, since the decision is risk tolerant, the Max-Product method of Tanaka et al. is used to calculate the expected utility possibility. Next, in the case of automatic derivation after the fact, the amount of information on the possibility of Indifferent Event is relatively small, so the expected utility possibility is derived using Zadeh’s Fuzzy Event Possibility Measure. Here, it is assumed that the setting of the utility function is independent of the information on the occurrence of the Indifferent Event and is identified by the decision maker by lot drawing using the certainty equivalence method. As a concrete example, we focus on the pass/fail decision of a recommendation test, which is a two choice question in the No-Data Problem, and illustrate the multistage state identification method. .
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61903274,61873342,61973175the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.18JCQNJC74000。
文摘In some practical applications modeled by discrete-event systems(DES),the observations of events may be no longer deterministic due to sensor faults/failures,packet loss,and/or measurement uncertainties.In this context,it is interesting to reconsider the infinite-step opacity(∞-SO)and K-step opacity(K-SO)of a DES under abnormal conditions as mentioned.In this paper,the authors extend the notions of∞-SO and K-SO defined in the standard setting to the framework of nondeterministic observations(i.e.,the event-observation mechanism is state-dependent and nondeterministic).Obviously,the extended notions of∞-SO and K-SO are more general than the previous standard ones.To effectively verify them,a matrix-based current state estimator in the context of this advanced framework is constructed using the Boolean semi-tensor product(BSTP)technique.Accordingly,the necessary and sufficient conditions for verifying these two extended versions of opacity are provided as well as their complexity analysis.Finally,several examples are given to illustrate the obtained theoretical results.
文摘The recognition and management of risk in donation process and blood product is critical to ensure donor and patient safety. To achieve this goal, the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is a convenient method;moreover it was used to prevent the occurrence of adverse events and look at what could go strong at each step. This study aimed to utilize FMEA in central blood bank in Khartoum to evaluate the potential risk and adverse event that may occur during the donation process. According to the severity, occurrence and the detection of each failure mode, the risk priority number (RPN) was calculated to determine which of the failures should take priority to find a solution and applying corrective action to reduce the failure risk. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 11 was used as descriptive and analytical statistics tool. The FMEA technique provides a systematic method for finding vulnerabilities in a process before they result in an error, and in this study a satisfactory outcome was reached.
文摘采用事件相关电位(Event-Related Potentials,E R P s)方法研究产品设计与性能的冲突对消费者决策过程的影响。在网络购物环境下,消费者对展示了设计与性能的产品进行购买决策,实验结束后根据设计(高审美吸引力/适中审美吸引力)与性能(高/低)是否一致将产品刺激划分为四种组别:组别1(一致:高审美吸引力设计+高性能)、组别2(冲突:高审美吸引力设计+低性能)、组别3(冲突:适中审美吸引力设计+高性能)和组别4(一致:适中审美吸引力设计+低性能)。研究结果显示,组别2和3会在大脑前额皮层诱发波幅较大的负成分N270波,说明消费者根据产品设计形成的性能期望与实际性能不符,形成了刺激与大脑内源信息的冲突,从神经学角度验证了"消费者认为高审美吸引力的设计意味着高性能"。组别1和2会在大脑顶区皮层诱发波幅较大的正成分P2波,这两个组别产品的确定购买率也较高,表明产品设计的美学对消费者的购买决策有正向影响。性能信息也影响着消费者对产品的审美体验,当产品设计的审美吸引力高时,冲突会降低消费者对产品的审美体验,进而降低产品的确定购买率;而当设计的审美吸引力适中时,冲突会提高消费者对产品的审美体验,进而提高产品的确定购买率。对比具有冲突的两个组别,组别2的产品确定购买率高于组别3,说明存在冲突时,审美体验也正向影响消费者的决策。该发现解释了消费者在网络购物时浏览商品照片和规格参数界面时的神经和心理层面的决策过程。
