In causal set theory, there are three ambiguous concepts that this article tries to provide a solution to resolve these ambiguities. These three ambiguities in Planck’s scale are: the causal relationship between even...In causal set theory, there are three ambiguous concepts that this article tries to provide a solution to resolve these ambiguities. These three ambiguities in Planck’s scale are: the causal relationship between events, the position of the uncertainty principle, and the kinematic. Assuming the interaction between events, a new definition of the causal relationship is presented. Using the principle of superposition, more than one world line is attributed to two events that are interacting with each other to cover the uncertainty principle. Using these achievements, it is shown that kinematics has no place in the Planck dimension and that quantum spacetime manifold should be used instead.展开更多
One hundred and thirty years after the work of Ludwig Boltzmann on the interpretation of the irreversibility of physical phenomena, and one century after Einstein's formulation of Special Relativity, we are still ...One hundred and thirty years after the work of Ludwig Boltzmann on the interpretation of the irreversibility of physical phenomena, and one century after Einstein's formulation of Special Relativity, we are still not sure what we mean when we talk of “time” or “arrow of time”. We shall try to show that one source of this difficulty is our tendency to confuse, at least verbally, time and becoming, i.e. the course of time and the arrow of time, two concepts that the formalisms of modern physics are careful to distinguish. The course of time is represented by a time line that leads us to define time as the producer of duration. It is customary to place on this time line a small arrow that, ironically, must not be confused with the “arrow of time”. This small arrow is only there to indicate that the course of time is oriented, has a well-defined direction, even if this direction is arbitrary. The arrow of time, on the other hand, indicates the possibility for physical systems to experience, over the course of time, changes or transforma-tions that prevent them from returning to their initial state forever. Contrary to what the ex-pression “arrow of time” suggests, it is there-fore not a property of time itself but a property of certain physical phenomena whose dynamic is irreversible. By its very definition, the arrow of time presupposes the existence of a well- established course of time within which – in addition – certain phenomena have their own temporal orientation. We think that it is worth-while to emphasize the difference between sev-eral issues traditionally subsumed under the label “the problem of the direction of time”. If the expressions “course of time”, “direction of time” and “arrow of time” were better defined, systematically distinguished from one another and always used in their strictest sense, the debate about time, irreversibility and becoming in physics would become clearer.展开更多
A parameter retrieval algorithm based on the causality principle and Kramers-Kronig （KK） relations is employed to calculate the effective parameters of three-dimensional （3D） metamaterials. Using KK relations, the...A parameter retrieval algorithm based on the causality principle and Kramers-Kronig （KK） relations is employed to calculate the effective parameters of three-dimensional （3D） metamaterials. Using KK relations, the branch selecting problem, which is the challenge of effective parameter retrieval method, can be removed. To reveal the validity of the proposed algorithm, the constitutive refractive index of a homogeneous polymide cube is extracted. The result is in excellent agreement with the intrinsic refractive index of the polymide. Finally, the two terahertz metamaterials with 3D structures are designed and their effective parameters are then retrieved using the proposed algorithm. Numerical simulations are performed using the fuiI-wave electromagnetic solver, CST Microwave Studio.展开更多
It is exciting that the gravitational wave has been confirmed, according to the announcement of LIGO. Perhaps, this is the time for physicists to fix the Einstein equation for the gravitational wave and the nonexisten...It is exciting that the gravitational wave has been confirmed, according to the announcement of LIGO. Perhaps, this is the time for physicists to fix the Einstein equation for the gravitational wave and the nonexistence of the dynamic solution. These two problems are inextricably related. As a first step, theorists should improve their pure mathematics beyond Einstein on non-linear mathematics and related physical considerations. Then, theoretically we must first show that the gravitational waves necessarily exist that Einstein was not certain. We find that the existence of gravitational waves is due to that the photons must have a gravitational wave component. Next, we must rectify the Einstein equation that has no gravitational wave solution which Einstein has recognized, and no dynamic solution that Einstein failed to see. However, it is very questionable that the measured gravitational waves are due to the black holes that can be definitely valid due to the long distance of the sources. Moreover, since the repulsive gravitation can also generate a gravitational wave, the problem of gravitational wave is actually far more complicated than we have known. A useful feature of the gravitational wave based on repulsive gravitation is that it can be easily generated on earth. Thus this can be a useful tool for communication because it can penetrate any medium.展开更多
Among those who pay homage to Parmenides as a source of unquenchable inspiration for Western thought, we now revisit the Poem Of Nature as the birthplace of the principle of causality through the elimination of non-be...Among those who pay homage to Parmenides as a source of unquenchable inspiration for Western thought, we now revisit the Poem Of Nature as the birthplace of the principle of causality through the elimination of non-being at the origin of being. Indeed in Parmenides＇ Poem, a negative conviction can be found--the refusal that the non-being is at the origin of the being--which leads most philosophers to the affirmative conviction that something is at the origin of the being. The two convictions are two rational beliefs which have stimulated ancient Greek philosophy, and have continuously represented a structuring axis in the history of Western thought. With Aristotle, that affirmative conviction was converted into a principle of causality, that is, into a principle which requires a causal explanation for the intelligibility of reality. In Latin Middle Ages, we find a singular figure who promotes the synthesis of the two fundamental beliefs, the negative conviction, explicit in Parmenides, and the affirmative conviction, explicit in Aristotle： It is Saint Anselm. In an initial chapter （III） of his first work, the Monologion, Anselm declares that ＂nothing is by nothing＂ （nihil est per nihil）, and that consequently ＂all that is, is not but by something＂ （quidquid est, non nisi per aliquid est）. All of Anselm＇s metaphysics is an analysis and a development of this affirmative rational belief. Therefore, we claim Parmenides＇ paternity of Saint Anselm＇s metaphysics, of whom one may say he was the medieval Parmenides.展开更多
文摘In causal set theory, there are three ambiguous concepts that this article tries to provide a solution to resolve these ambiguities. These three ambiguities in Planck’s scale are: the causal relationship between events, the position of the uncertainty principle, and the kinematic. Assuming the interaction between events, a new definition of the causal relationship is presented. Using the principle of superposition, more than one world line is attributed to two events that are interacting with each other to cover the uncertainty principle. Using these achievements, it is shown that kinematics has no place in the Planck dimension and that quantum spacetime manifold should be used instead.
文摘One hundred and thirty years after the work of Ludwig Boltzmann on the interpretation of the irreversibility of physical phenomena, and one century after Einstein's formulation of Special Relativity, we are still not sure what we mean when we talk of “time” or “arrow of time”. We shall try to show that one source of this difficulty is our tendency to confuse, at least verbally, time and becoming, i.e. the course of time and the arrow of time, two concepts that the formalisms of modern physics are careful to distinguish. The course of time is represented by a time line that leads us to define time as the producer of duration. It is customary to place on this time line a small arrow that, ironically, must not be confused with the “arrow of time”. This small arrow is only there to indicate that the course of time is oriented, has a well-defined direction, even if this direction is arbitrary. The arrow of time, on the other hand, indicates the possibility for physical systems to experience, over the course of time, changes or transforma-tions that prevent them from returning to their initial state forever. Contrary to what the ex-pression “arrow of time” suggests, it is there-fore not a property of time itself but a property of certain physical phenomena whose dynamic is irreversible. By its very definition, the arrow of time presupposes the existence of a well- established course of time within which – in addition – certain phenomena have their own temporal orientation. We think that it is worth-while to emphasize the difference between sev-eral issues traditionally subsumed under the label “the problem of the direction of time”. If the expressions “course of time”, “direction of time” and “arrow of time” were better defined, systematically distinguished from one another and always used in their strictest sense, the debate about time, irreversibility and becoming in physics would become clearer.
文摘A parameter retrieval algorithm based on the causality principle and Kramers-Kronig （KK） relations is employed to calculate the effective parameters of three-dimensional （3D） metamaterials. Using KK relations, the branch selecting problem, which is the challenge of effective parameter retrieval method, can be removed. To reveal the validity of the proposed algorithm, the constitutive refractive index of a homogeneous polymide cube is extracted. The result is in excellent agreement with the intrinsic refractive index of the polymide. Finally, the two terahertz metamaterials with 3D structures are designed and their effective parameters are then retrieved using the proposed algorithm. Numerical simulations are performed using the fuiI-wave electromagnetic solver, CST Microwave Studio.
文摘It is exciting that the gravitational wave has been confirmed, according to the announcement of LIGO. Perhaps, this is the time for physicists to fix the Einstein equation for the gravitational wave and the nonexistence of the dynamic solution. These two problems are inextricably related. As a first step, theorists should improve their pure mathematics beyond Einstein on non-linear mathematics and related physical considerations. Then, theoretically we must first show that the gravitational waves necessarily exist that Einstein was not certain. We find that the existence of gravitational waves is due to that the photons must have a gravitational wave component. Next, we must rectify the Einstein equation that has no gravitational wave solution which Einstein has recognized, and no dynamic solution that Einstein failed to see. However, it is very questionable that the measured gravitational waves are due to the black holes that can be definitely valid due to the long distance of the sources. Moreover, since the repulsive gravitation can also generate a gravitational wave, the problem of gravitational wave is actually far more complicated than we have known. A useful feature of the gravitational wave based on repulsive gravitation is that it can be easily generated on earth. Thus this can be a useful tool for communication because it can penetrate any medium.
文摘Among those who pay homage to Parmenides as a source of unquenchable inspiration for Western thought, we now revisit the Poem Of Nature as the birthplace of the principle of causality through the elimination of non-being at the origin of being. Indeed in Parmenides＇ Poem, a negative conviction can be found--the refusal that the non-being is at the origin of the being--which leads most philosophers to the affirmative conviction that something is at the origin of the being. The two convictions are two rational beliefs which have stimulated ancient Greek philosophy, and have continuously represented a structuring axis in the history of Western thought. With Aristotle, that affirmative conviction was converted into a principle of causality, that is, into a principle which requires a causal explanation for the intelligibility of reality. In Latin Middle Ages, we find a singular figure who promotes the synthesis of the two fundamental beliefs, the negative conviction, explicit in Parmenides, and the affirmative conviction, explicit in Aristotle： It is Saint Anselm. In an initial chapter （III） of his first work, the Monologion, Anselm declares that ＂nothing is by nothing＂ （nihil est per nihil）, and that consequently ＂all that is, is not but by something＂ （quidquid est, non nisi per aliquid est）. All of Anselm＇s metaphysics is an analysis and a development of this affirmative rational belief. Therefore, we claim Parmenides＇ paternity of Saint Anselm＇s metaphysics, of whom one may say he was the medieval Parmenides.
