Running is believed to be beneficial for human health. Many studies have focused on the neuroprotective effects of voluntary running on animal models. There were both primary and secondary degeneration in neurodegener...Running is believed to be beneficial for human health. Many studies have focused on the neuroprotective effects of voluntary running on animal models. There were both primary and secondary degeneration in neurodegenerative diseases, including glaucoma. However, whether running can delay primary or secondary degeneration or both of them was not clear. Partial optic nerve transection model is a valuable glaucoma model for studying both primary and secondary degeneration because it can separate primary(mainly in the superior retina) from secondary(mainly in the inferior retina) degeneration. Therefore, we compared the survival of retinal ganglion cells between Sprague-Dawley rat runners and non-runners both in the superior and inferior retinas. Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis are involved in the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. So we also used western immunoblotting to compare the expression of some proteins involved in apoptosis(phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinases, p-JNKs), oxidative stress(manganese superoxide dismutase, MnSOD) and excitotoxicity(glutamine synthetase) between runners and non-runners after partial optic nerve transection. Results showed that voluntary running delayed the death of retinal ganglion cells vulnerable to primary degeneration but not those to secondary degeneration. In addition, voluntary running decreased the expression of glutamine synthetase, but not the expression of p-JNKs and MnSOD in the superior retina after partial optic nerve transection. These results illustrated that primary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells might be mainly related with excitotoxicity rather than oxidative stress; and the voluntary running could down-regulate excitotoxicity to delay the primary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells after partial optic nerve transection.展开更多
For providing a correct and reasonable strategy to develop agricultural mechanization in developing countries, this paper took China as the representative to analyze the poor agricultural equipment service condition. ...For providing a correct and reasonable strategy to develop agricultural mechanization in developing countries, this paper took China as the representative to analyze the poor agricultural equipment service condition. It also put forward the ecology and social crisis brought out by the long-term and large-scale primary mechanization. According to the characteristics of national condition, this paper brought forward several certain policies and solutions, such as compelling to shorten the continuance cycle of traditional primary stage, seeking for new economic growth poles of high-added-value agricultural production by fully using the abundant labor force, etc. It is a feasible technical program to develop harmonious agricultural modernization in developing countries展开更多
The Ly5.1 mouse,also termed B6.SJL-Ptprca Pepcb/BoyJ,is a congenic strain widely used as a recipient in animal studies of bone marrow transplant.Our previous study documented that a majority of type I spiral ganglion ...The Ly5.1 mouse,also termed B6.SJL-Ptprca Pepcb/BoyJ,is a congenic strain widely used as a recipient in animal studies of bone marrow transplant.Our previous study documented that a majority of type I spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the apical turns of Ly5.1 mice are unmyelinated and aggregate into neuronal clusters,similar to the spiral ganglion in the human ear.Ouabain,a well known Na-K ATPase inhibitor,has been shown to induce neuronal degeneration in a variety of neural tissues including the adult gerbil and CBA/CaJ mouse spiral ganglion.Here,functional and pathological changes of the auditory nerves in young-adult Ly5.1 mice were examined at 3,7 and 14 days after ouabain exposure.Similar to observations in CBA/CaJ mice,ouabain application selectively removed type I SGNs,resulting in an immense decline of the auditory nerve function.Hyperplasia of glial cells was seen in the injured auditory nerves at 7 days after ouabain exposure.Our data indicate that the 'human-like' features of unmyelinated type I SGNs have no protective impact on the fate of SGNs after ouabain exposure.Cells incorporating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and expressing Sox2 were also counted in the auditory nerves of control and ouabain-treated ears.The number of Sox2+ glial cells significantly increased at 3 and 7 days post-treatment.Interestingly,the highest density of BrdU+ cells appeared in the apical turn of the injured auditory nerve shortly after ouabain exposure,suggesting that the pattern of SGN loss at the apical turn in Ly5.1 mouse may have some impact on the reaction of non-neuronal cells in response to acute ototoxic drug exposure in the auditory nerve.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81501091(to HYL)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China,No.2015A030310201(to HYL)+4 种基金Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China,No.A2015393(to HYL)funds of Leading Talents of Guangdong Province of China,No.2013(to KFS)Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities,No.B14036(to KFS)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program),No.2015CB351800(to KFS)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,No.21609101(to KFS)
文摘Running is believed to be beneficial for human health. Many studies have focused on the neuroprotective effects of voluntary running on animal models. There were both primary and secondary degeneration in neurodegenerative diseases, including glaucoma. However, whether running can delay primary or secondary degeneration or both of them was not clear. Partial optic nerve transection model is a valuable glaucoma model for studying both primary and secondary degeneration because it can separate primary(mainly in the superior retina) from secondary(mainly in the inferior retina) degeneration. Therefore, we compared the survival of retinal ganglion cells between Sprague-Dawley rat runners and non-runners both in the superior and inferior retinas. Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis are involved in the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. So we also used western immunoblotting to compare the expression of some proteins involved in apoptosis(phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinases, p-JNKs), oxidative stress(manganese superoxide dismutase, MnSOD) and excitotoxicity(glutamine synthetase) between runners and non-runners after partial optic nerve transection. Results showed that voluntary running delayed the death of retinal ganglion cells vulnerable to primary degeneration but not those to secondary degeneration. In addition, voluntary running decreased the expression of glutamine synthetase, but not the expression of p-JNKs and MnSOD in the superior retina after partial optic nerve transection. These results illustrated that primary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells might be mainly related with excitotoxicity rather than oxidative stress; and the voluntary running could down-regulate excitotoxicity to delay the primary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells after partial optic nerve transection.
基金Supported by NEAU Doctor Research FundChinese National Science and Technology Subject (2006BAD11A05)
文摘For providing a correct and reasonable strategy to develop agricultural mechanization in developing countries, this paper took China as the representative to analyze the poor agricultural equipment service condition. It also put forward the ecology and social crisis brought out by the long-term and large-scale primary mechanization. According to the characteristics of national condition, this paper brought forward several certain policies and solutions, such as compelling to shorten the continuance cycle of traditional primary stage, seeking for new economic growth poles of high-added-value agricultural production by fully using the abundant labor force, etc. It is a feasible technical program to develop harmonious agricultural modernization in developing countries
基金National Institutes of HealthGrant number:DC00422(H.L.)+4 种基金Grant number:DC07506(H.L.)Grant number:DC00713(B.A.S.)Office of Research & Development,Medical Research Services,Departmentof Veterans Affairs(A.C.L.)American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgeryGrant number:CORE130165(L.K.)
文摘The Ly5.1 mouse,also termed B6.SJL-Ptprca Pepcb/BoyJ,is a congenic strain widely used as a recipient in animal studies of bone marrow transplant.Our previous study documented that a majority of type I spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the apical turns of Ly5.1 mice are unmyelinated and aggregate into neuronal clusters,similar to the spiral ganglion in the human ear.Ouabain,a well known Na-K ATPase inhibitor,has been shown to induce neuronal degeneration in a variety of neural tissues including the adult gerbil and CBA/CaJ mouse spiral ganglion.Here,functional and pathological changes of the auditory nerves in young-adult Ly5.1 mice were examined at 3,7 and 14 days after ouabain exposure.Similar to observations in CBA/CaJ mice,ouabain application selectively removed type I SGNs,resulting in an immense decline of the auditory nerve function.Hyperplasia of glial cells was seen in the injured auditory nerves at 7 days after ouabain exposure.Our data indicate that the 'human-like' features of unmyelinated type I SGNs have no protective impact on the fate of SGNs after ouabain exposure.Cells incorporating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and expressing Sox2 were also counted in the auditory nerves of control and ouabain-treated ears.The number of Sox2+ glial cells significantly increased at 3 and 7 days post-treatment.Interestingly,the highest density of BrdU+ cells appeared in the apical turn of the injured auditory nerve shortly after ouabain exposure,suggesting that the pattern of SGN loss at the apical turn in Ly5.1 mouse may have some impact on the reaction of non-neuronal cells in response to acute ototoxic drug exposure in the auditory nerve.
