Objective: Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers and major cause of cancer deaths in China,which accounts for over 50% of new cases and deaths worldwide.The systematic liver cancer statistics including of pro...Objective: Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers and major cause of cancer deaths in China,which accounts for over 50% of new cases and deaths worldwide.The systematic liver cancer statistics including of projection through 2030 could provide valuable information for prevention and control strategies in China,and experience for other countries.Methods: The burden of liver cancer in China in 2014 was estimated using 339 cancer registries’ data selected from Chinese National Cancer Center(NCC).Incident cases of 22 cancer registries were applied for temporal trends from 2000 to 2014.The burden of liver cancer through 2030 was projected using age-period-cohort model.Results: About 364,800 new cases of liver cancer(268,900 males and 95,900 females) occurred in China,and about 318,800 liver cancer deaths(233,500 males and 85,300 females) in 2014.Western regions of China had the highest incidence and mortality rates.Incidence and mortality rates decreased by about 2.3% and 2.6% per year during the period of 2000-2014,respectively,and would decrease by more than 44% between 2014 and 2030 in China.The young generation,particularly for those aged under 40 years,showed a faster down trend.Conclusions: Based on the analysis,incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer are expected to decrease through 2030,but the burden of liver cancer is still serious in China,especially in rural and western areas.Most cases of liver cancer in China can be prevented through vaccination and more prevention efforts should be focused on high risk groups.展开更多
Current trophic status and trend of Chinese freshwater lakes were investigated in this study. The results showed that all lakes studied were commonly undergoing the eutrophication process, water quality decreased and ...Current trophic status and trend of Chinese freshwater lakes were investigated in this study. The results showed that all lakes studied were commonly undergoing the eutrophication process, water quality decreased and lake's ecosystem is being declined. Most of the urban lakes are facing serious eutrophication. Many medium-sized lakes are in metrophic or eutrophic status, some local water are even approaching the hypertrophic level. The famous five freshwater lakes in China have entered into eutrophication in the condition of higher nutrient load. Lake Taihu, Hongze and Caohu are already in eutrophic state. Eutrophic lakes are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Yungui plateau. Lake eutrophication developed rapidly. Among the 34 lakes studied in 1970's, most of lakes were in the mesotrophic status,mesotrophic water area accounted for 91.8%. With the nine year of 1978-1987 the area percentage of oligotrophic lakes decreased from 3.2% to 0.53%, and that of eutrophic lakes increased from 5.0% to 55.01%. Recent data showed 57.5% lakes were in eutrophic and hypertrophic status of the 40 surveyed lakes.Eutrophic trend of Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu in the region of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River was predicated using the ecological stress model. The results showed that in 2008 Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu might be of eutrophication, eutrophication and hypertrophication, respectively if no control measurement is taken. Provided the pollution water treatment rate is 60% in 2030, approximately 30 billion ton pollution water would still be discharged directly in the lakes. Therefore, in 2030 the urban lakes in China might be eutrophication or hypertrophication, and most of the medium-sized lakes at the urban-rural fringe might be in eutrophication or hypertrophication. The famous five biggest freshwater lakes in China might be eutrophication if control countermeasures are taken as now.Lake eutrophication has become a serious environmental problem in China. Based on the do展开更多
A new approach to forecast the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley summer rainfall in June―August(JJA) is proposed in this paper.The year-to-year increment of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze Rive...A new approach to forecast the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley summer rainfall in June―August(JJA) is proposed in this paper.The year-to-year increment of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley is forecasted and hence the summer precipitation could be predicted.In this paper,DY is defined as the difference of a variable between the current year and the preceding year(year-to-year increment).YR denotes the seasonal mean precipitation rate of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley summer rainfall.After analyzing the atmospheric circulation anomalies in winter and spring that were associated with the DY of YR,six key predictors for the DY of YR have been identified.Then the forecast model for the DY of YR is established by using the multi-linear regression method.The predictors for the DY of YR are Antarctic Oscillation,the meridional wind shear between 850hPa and 200hPa over the Indo-Australian region,and so on.The prediction model shows a high skill for the hindcast during 1997-2006,with the average relative root mean square error is at 18%.The model can even reproduce the upward and downward trends of YR during 1984―1998 and 1998―2006.Considering that the current operational forecast models of the summer precipitation over the China region have the average forecast scores at 60%―70% and that the prediction skill for the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River Valley summer precipitation remains quite limited up to now,thus this new approach to predict the year-to-year increment of the summer precipitation over the Yangtze River Valley(and hence the summer precipitation itself) has the potential to significantly increase the operational forecast skill of the summer precipitation.展开更多
Network pharmacology is a powerful tool to reflect the pharmacologically active effects,mechanism of action and toxic activity of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs).The ingredients of TCMs,associated with quality con...Network pharmacology is a powerful tool to reflect the pharmacologically active effects,mechanism of action and toxic activity of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs).The ingredients of TCMs,associated with quality control of TCM products,are those fundamental chemicals that exhibit biological activities.A great amount of effort has been made by scientists in that field in order to improve the quality of TCMs,though the approaches to determine their quality and the TCM theory and compatibility rules remain ambiguous.Now some methods and technologies must be applied to predict and explore the quality marker(Q-marker)for quality control,as well as to clarify the factors affecting the quality of TCM,which may give new insight into rational ground of establishment of appropriate quality control and assessment system.In this review paper,authors focus on the prediction of quality markers of TCMs by network pharmacology based on three aspects:(1)from network medicine to network pharmacology,(2)complex network system of traditional Chinese medicine,and(3)predicting TCM quality markers based on network pharmacology.Authors proposed the research pattern on network pharmacology based on biological and medical networks,and further TCM network pharmacology based on substantial basis of TCM formulae,and the idea of"effect-ingredient-target-fingerprint"to predict and recognize the TCM Qmarker was the ultimate goal.In addition,authors yet noted how to make full use of the advantages of network toxicology to provide new ideas for the toxicity study of complex TCM systems and the prediction of TCM toxicity markers.展开更多
The Godson project is the first attempt to design high performancegeneral-purpose microprocessors in China. This paper introduces the microarchitecture of theGodson-2 processor which is a 64-bit, 4-issue, out-of-order...The Godson project is the first attempt to design high performancegeneral-purpose microprocessors in China. This paper introduces the microarchitecture of theGodson-2 processor which is a 64-bit, 4-issue, out-of-order execution RISC processor that implementsthe 64-bit MIPS-like instruction set. The adoption of the aggressive out-of-order executiontechniques (such as register mapping, branch prediction, and dynamic scheduling) and cachetechniques (such as non-blocking cache, load speculation, dynamic memory disambiguation) helps theGodson-2 processor to achieve high performance even at not so high frequency. The Godson-2 processorhas been physically implemented on a 6-metal 0.18 μm CMOS technology based on the automaticplacing and routing flow with the help of some crafted library cells and macros. The area of thechip is 6,700 micrometers by 6,200 micrometers and the clock cycle at typical corner is 2.3 ns.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81602931)Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2014FY121100)State Key Projects Specialized on Infectious Diseases(No.2012ZX10002008)
文摘Objective: Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers and major cause of cancer deaths in China,which accounts for over 50% of new cases and deaths worldwide.The systematic liver cancer statistics including of projection through 2030 could provide valuable information for prevention and control strategies in China,and experience for other countries.Methods: The burden of liver cancer in China in 2014 was estimated using 339 cancer registries’ data selected from Chinese National Cancer Center(NCC).Incident cases of 22 cancer registries were applied for temporal trends from 2000 to 2014.The burden of liver cancer through 2030 was projected using age-period-cohort model.Results: About 364,800 new cases of liver cancer(268,900 males and 95,900 females) occurred in China,and about 318,800 liver cancer deaths(233,500 males and 85,300 females) in 2014.Western regions of China had the highest incidence and mortality rates.Incidence and mortality rates decreased by about 2.3% and 2.6% per year during the period of 2000-2014,respectively,and would decrease by more than 44% between 2014 and 2030 in China.The young generation,particularly for those aged under 40 years,showed a faster down trend.Conclusions: Based on the analysis,incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer are expected to decrease through 2030,but the burden of liver cancer is still serious in China,especially in rural and western areas.Most cases of liver cancer in China can be prevented through vaccination and more prevention efforts should be focused on high risk groups.
文摘Current trophic status and trend of Chinese freshwater lakes were investigated in this study. The results showed that all lakes studied were commonly undergoing the eutrophication process, water quality decreased and lake's ecosystem is being declined. Most of the urban lakes are facing serious eutrophication. Many medium-sized lakes are in metrophic or eutrophic status, some local water are even approaching the hypertrophic level. The famous five freshwater lakes in China have entered into eutrophication in the condition of higher nutrient load. Lake Taihu, Hongze and Caohu are already in eutrophic state. Eutrophic lakes are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Yungui plateau. Lake eutrophication developed rapidly. Among the 34 lakes studied in 1970's, most of lakes were in the mesotrophic status,mesotrophic water area accounted for 91.8%. With the nine year of 1978-1987 the area percentage of oligotrophic lakes decreased from 3.2% to 0.53%, and that of eutrophic lakes increased from 5.0% to 55.01%. Recent data showed 57.5% lakes were in eutrophic and hypertrophic status of the 40 surveyed lakes.Eutrophic trend of Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu in the region of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River was predicated using the ecological stress model. The results showed that in 2008 Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu might be of eutrophication, eutrophication and hypertrophication, respectively if no control measurement is taken. Provided the pollution water treatment rate is 60% in 2030, approximately 30 billion ton pollution water would still be discharged directly in the lakes. Therefore, in 2030 the urban lakes in China might be eutrophication or hypertrophication, and most of the medium-sized lakes at the urban-rural fringe might be in eutrophication or hypertrophication. The famous five biggest freshwater lakes in China might be eutrophication if control countermeasures are taken as now.Lake eutrophication has become a serious environmental problem in China. Based on the do
基金Supported the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40631005,40620130113 and 40523001) the "Korea Enhanced Observing Program ofMeiyu Project"
文摘A new approach to forecast the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley summer rainfall in June―August(JJA) is proposed in this paper.The year-to-year increment of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley is forecasted and hence the summer precipitation could be predicted.In this paper,DY is defined as the difference of a variable between the current year and the preceding year(year-to-year increment).YR denotes the seasonal mean precipitation rate of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley summer rainfall.After analyzing the atmospheric circulation anomalies in winter and spring that were associated with the DY of YR,six key predictors for the DY of YR have been identified.Then the forecast model for the DY of YR is established by using the multi-linear regression method.The predictors for the DY of YR are Antarctic Oscillation,the meridional wind shear between 850hPa and 200hPa over the Indo-Australian region,and so on.The prediction model shows a high skill for the hindcast during 1997-2006,with the average relative root mean square error is at 18%.The model can even reproduce the upward and downward trends of YR during 1984―1998 and 1998―2006.Considering that the current operational forecast models of the summer precipitation over the China region have the average forecast scores at 60%―70% and that the prediction skill for the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River Valley summer precipitation remains quite limited up to now,thus this new approach to predict the year-to-year increment of the summer precipitation over the Yangtze River Valley(and hence the summer precipitation itself) has the potential to significantly increase the operational forecast skill of the summer precipitation.
基金supported by National Nature Science Foundation for Key Projects(No.81430096)National New Drug Innovation(No.2017ZX09301062.)Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project(No.19YFSLQY00110).
文摘Network pharmacology is a powerful tool to reflect the pharmacologically active effects,mechanism of action and toxic activity of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs).The ingredients of TCMs,associated with quality control of TCM products,are those fundamental chemicals that exhibit biological activities.A great amount of effort has been made by scientists in that field in order to improve the quality of TCMs,though the approaches to determine their quality and the TCM theory and compatibility rules remain ambiguous.Now some methods and technologies must be applied to predict and explore the quality marker(Q-marker)for quality control,as well as to clarify the factors affecting the quality of TCM,which may give new insight into rational ground of establishment of appropriate quality control and assessment system.In this review paper,authors focus on the prediction of quality markers of TCMs by network pharmacology based on three aspects:(1)from network medicine to network pharmacology,(2)complex network system of traditional Chinese medicine,and(3)predicting TCM quality markers based on network pharmacology.Authors proposed the research pattern on network pharmacology based on biological and medical networks,and further TCM network pharmacology based on substantial basis of TCM formulae,and the idea of"effect-ingredient-target-fingerprint"to predict and recognize the TCM Qmarker was the ultimate goal.In addition,authors yet noted how to make full use of the advantages of network toxicology to provide new ideas for the toxicity study of complex TCM systems and the prediction of TCM toxicity markers.
文摘The Godson project is the first attempt to design high performancegeneral-purpose microprocessors in China. This paper introduces the microarchitecture of theGodson-2 processor which is a 64-bit, 4-issue, out-of-order execution RISC processor that implementsthe 64-bit MIPS-like instruction set. The adoption of the aggressive out-of-order executiontechniques (such as register mapping, branch prediction, and dynamic scheduling) and cachetechniques (such as non-blocking cache, load speculation, dynamic memory disambiguation) helps theGodson-2 processor to achieve high performance even at not so high frequency. The Godson-2 processorhas been physically implemented on a 6-metal 0.18 μm CMOS technology based on the automaticplacing and routing flow with the help of some crafted library cells and macros. The area of thechip is 6,700 micrometers by 6,200 micrometers and the clock cycle at typical corner is 2.3 ns.
