Nitrogen(N), potassium(K), and phosphorus(P) are essential macronutrients for plant growth and development, and their availability affects crop yield. Compared with N, the relatively low availability of K and P in soi...Nitrogen(N), potassium(K), and phosphorus(P) are essential macronutrients for plant growth and development, and their availability affects crop yield. Compared with N, the relatively low availability of K and P in soils limits crop production and thus threatens food security and agricultural sustainability. Improvement of plant nutrient utilization efficiency provides a potential route to overcome the effects of K and P deficiencies. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying how plants sense, absorb, transport, and use K and P is an important prerequisite to improve crop nutrient utilization efficiency. In this review, we summarize current understanding of K and P transport and signaling in plants, mainly taking Arabidopsis thaliana and rice(Oryza sativa) as examples. We also discuss the mechanisms coordinating transport of N and K, as well as P and N.展开更多
Plants respond to low-nutrient conditions through metabolic and morphology changes that increase their ability to survive and grow. The transcription factor RAP2.11 was identified as a component in the response to low...Plants respond to low-nutrient conditions through metabolic and morphology changes that increase their ability to survive and grow. The transcription factor RAP2.11 was identified as a component in the response to low potassium through regulation of the high-affinity K＋ uptake transporter AtHAK5 and other components of the low- potassium signal transduction pathway. RAP2.11 was identified through the activation tagging of Arabidopsis lines that contained a luciferase marker driven by the AtHAK5 promoter that is normally only induced by low potassium. This factor bound to a GCC-box of the AtHAK5 promoter in vitro and in vivo. Transcript profiling revealed that a large number of genes were up-regulated in roots by RAP2.11 overexpression. Many regulated genes were identified to be in functional cate- gories that are important in Iow-K＋ signaling. These categories included ethylene signaling, reactive oxygen species pro- duction, and calcium signaling. Promoter regions of the up-regulated genes were enriched in the GCCGGC motif also contained in the AtHAK5 promoter. These results suggest that RAP2.11 regulates AtHAK5 expression under Iow-K＋ con- ditions and also contributes to a coordinated response to low-potassium conditions through the regulation of other genes in the Iow-K＋ signaling cascade.展开更多
Potassium （K＋） is an essential macronutrient in plants and a lack of K＋ significantly reduces the potential for plant growth and development. By contrast, sodium （Na＋）, while beneficial to some extent, at high ...Potassium （K＋） is an essential macronutrient in plants and a lack of K＋ significantly reduces the potential for plant growth and development. By contrast, sodium （Na＋）, while beneficial to some extent, at high concentrations it disturbs and inhibits various physiological processes and plant growth. Due to their chemical similarities, some functions of K＋ can be undertaken by Na＋ but K＋ homeostasis is severely affected by salt stress, on the other hand. Recent advances have highlighted the fascinating regulatory mechanisms of K＋ and Na＋ transport and signaling in plants. This review summarizes three major topics： （i） the transport mechanisms of K＋ and Na＋ from the soil to the shoot and to the cellular - compartments; （ii） the mechanisms through which plants sense and respond to K＋ and Na＋ availability; and （iii） the components involved in maintenance of K＋/Na＋ homeostasis in plants under salt stress.展开更多
为探究黄土高原地区胡麻产量形成对钾肥高效利用下的关系,以2个当地主栽胡麻品种"陇亚11号"(V1)、"定亚23号"(V2)为供试材料,设置不施钾(K0,K2O 0 kg hm^(-2))、低钾(K1,K2O 30 kg hm^(-2))、中钾(K2,K2O 60 kg hm^...为探究黄土高原地区胡麻产量形成对钾肥高效利用下的关系,以2个当地主栽胡麻品种"陇亚11号"(V1)、"定亚23号"(V2)为供试材料,设置不施钾(K0,K2O 0 kg hm^(-2))、低钾(K1,K2O 30 kg hm^(-2))、中钾(K2,K2O 60 kg hm^(-2))与高钾(K3,K2O 90kg hm^(-2))4个钾肥水平进行大田试验,研究了不同施钾量对胡麻植株钾素积累分配转运及产量形成和钾肥高效利用的影响。结果表明,施钾后V1和V2两胡麻品种钾素积累量分别上升6.67%~16.47%和12.74%~22.12%,茎钾素转运率增加10.25%~14.23%和1.64%~10.26%,籽粒钾素分配比例上升-1.68%~4.76%和3.45%~14.51%,产量分别增加1.68%~10.72%和6.68%~17.77%;中(K2)、高钾(K3)处理的V1和V2胡麻品种茎钾素转运量上升3.15%~11.59%和8.62%~48.27%,叶钾素转运量上升0.73%~7.13%和5.69%~9.72%。施钾后胡麻植株钾素积累差异关键时期为盛花期至青果期,生育前期,中钾处理胡麻钾素积累较高,较对照平均增加27.99%,至生育后期高钾处理胡麻植株钾素积累较高,较对照平均增加17.54%。青果期是胡麻籽粒钾素积累的关键期,籽粒分配比例平均为36.19%。虽V1胡麻品种的平均钾素积累量较V2品种高出16.37%,但V2品种的茎钾素转运量、籽粒钾素分配比例、产量较V1品种平均增加34.41%、7.23%、23.23%。V2品种在生育前期对中等施钾水平响应积极、在籽粒形成期钾素分配合理,为其钾素高效利用和高产获得奠定了物质基础。因此,本年度农田气候条件下,在试验地块或同等地力农田区,种植"陇亚11号(V1)"、"定亚23号(V2)"胡麻施钾(K2O)60 kg hm^(-2)可获得较高的产量和钾肥偏生产力,使胡麻的钾素利用特征得到较好发挥。展开更多
Replicating extraordinarily high membrane transport selectivity of protein channels in artificial channel is a challenging task.In this work,we demonstrate that a strategic application of steric code-based social self...Replicating extraordinarily high membrane transport selectivity of protein channels in artificial channel is a challenging task.In this work,we demonstrate that a strategic application of steric code-based social self-sorting offers a novel means to enhance ion transport selectivities of artificial ion channels,alongside with boosted ion transport activities.More specifically,two types of mutually compatible sterically bulky groups(benzo-crown ether and tert-butyl group)were appended onto a monopeptide-based scaffold,which can order the bulky groups onto the same side of a one-dimensionally aligned H-bonded structure.Strong steric repulsions among the same type of bulky groups(either benzo-crown ethers or tert-butyl groups),which are forced into proximity by H-bonds,favor the formation of hetero-oligomeric ensem-bles that carry an alternative arrangement of sterically compatible benzo-crown ethers and tert-butyl groups,rather than homo-oligomeric ensembles containing a single type of either benzo-crown ethers or tert-butyl groups.Coupled with side chain tuning,this social self-sorting strategy delivers highly ac-tive hetero-oligomeric K+-selective ion channel(5F12-BF12)_(n),displaying the highest K+/Na+selectivity of 20.1 among artificial potassium channels and an excellent ECso value of 0.50μmol/L(0.62 mo1%relative to lipids)in terms of single channel concentration.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0100700)the Ministry of Agriculture of China for Transgenic Research(2016ZX08009002)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32025004, 31921001, 31670245, and 31970273)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (2020TC153)Beijing Outstanding University Discipline Program。
文摘Nitrogen(N), potassium(K), and phosphorus(P) are essential macronutrients for plant growth and development, and their availability affects crop yield. Compared with N, the relatively low availability of K and P in soils limits crop production and thus threatens food security and agricultural sustainability. Improvement of plant nutrient utilization efficiency provides a potential route to overcome the effects of K and P deficiencies. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying how plants sense, absorb, transport, and use K and P is an important prerequisite to improve crop nutrient utilization efficiency. In this review, we summarize current understanding of K and P transport and signaling in plants, mainly taking Arabidopsis thaliana and rice(Oryza sativa) as examples. We also discuss the mechanisms coordinating transport of N and K, as well as P and N.
文摘Plants respond to low-nutrient conditions through metabolic and morphology changes that increase their ability to survive and grow. The transcription factor RAP2.11 was identified as a component in the response to low potassium through regulation of the high-affinity K＋ uptake transporter AtHAK5 and other components of the low- potassium signal transduction pathway. RAP2.11 was identified through the activation tagging of Arabidopsis lines that contained a luciferase marker driven by the AtHAK5 promoter that is normally only induced by low potassium. This factor bound to a GCC-box of the AtHAK5 promoter in vitro and in vivo. Transcript profiling revealed that a large number of genes were up-regulated in roots by RAP2.11 overexpression. Many regulated genes were identified to be in functional cate- gories that are important in Iow-K＋ signaling. These categories included ethylene signaling, reactive oxygen species pro- duction, and calcium signaling. Promoter regions of the up-regulated genes were enriched in the GCCGGC motif also contained in the AtHAK5 promoter. These results suggest that RAP2.11 regulates AtHAK5 expression under Iow-K＋ con- ditions and also contributes to a coordinated response to low-potassium conditions through the regulation of other genes in the Iow-K＋ signaling cascade.
文摘Potassium （K＋） is an essential macronutrient in plants and a lack of K＋ significantly reduces the potential for plant growth and development. By contrast, sodium （Na＋）, while beneficial to some extent, at high concentrations it disturbs and inhibits various physiological processes and plant growth. Due to their chemical similarities, some functions of K＋ can be undertaken by Na＋ but K＋ homeostasis is severely affected by salt stress, on the other hand. Recent advances have highlighted the fascinating regulatory mechanisms of K＋ and Na＋ transport and signaling in plants. This review summarizes three major topics： （i） the transport mechanisms of K＋ and Na＋ from the soil to the shoot and to the cellular - compartments; （ii） the mechanisms through which plants sense and respond to K＋ and Na＋ availability; and （iii） the components involved in maintenance of K＋/Na＋ homeostasis in plants under salt stress.
文摘为探究黄土高原地区胡麻产量形成对钾肥高效利用下的关系,以2个当地主栽胡麻品种"陇亚11号"(V1)、"定亚23号"(V2)为供试材料,设置不施钾(K0,K2O 0 kg hm^(-2))、低钾(K1,K2O 30 kg hm^(-2))、中钾(K2,K2O 60 kg hm^(-2))与高钾(K3,K2O 90kg hm^(-2))4个钾肥水平进行大田试验,研究了不同施钾量对胡麻植株钾素积累分配转运及产量形成和钾肥高效利用的影响。结果表明,施钾后V1和V2两胡麻品种钾素积累量分别上升6.67%~16.47%和12.74%~22.12%,茎钾素转运率增加10.25%~14.23%和1.64%~10.26%,籽粒钾素分配比例上升-1.68%~4.76%和3.45%~14.51%,产量分别增加1.68%~10.72%和6.68%~17.77%;中(K2)、高钾(K3)处理的V1和V2胡麻品种茎钾素转运量上升3.15%~11.59%和8.62%~48.27%,叶钾素转运量上升0.73%~7.13%和5.69%~9.72%。施钾后胡麻植株钾素积累差异关键时期为盛花期至青果期,生育前期,中钾处理胡麻钾素积累较高,较对照平均增加27.99%,至生育后期高钾处理胡麻植株钾素积累较高,较对照平均增加17.54%。青果期是胡麻籽粒钾素积累的关键期,籽粒分配比例平均为36.19%。虽V1胡麻品种的平均钾素积累量较V2品种高出16.37%,但V2品种的茎钾素转运量、籽粒钾素分配比例、产量较V1品种平均增加34.41%、7.23%、23.23%。V2品种在生育前期对中等施钾水平响应积极、在籽粒形成期钾素分配合理,为其钾素高效利用和高产获得奠定了物质基础。因此,本年度农田气候条件下,在试验地块或同等地力农田区,种植"陇亚11号(V1)"、"定亚23号(V2)"胡麻施钾(K2O)60 kg hm^(-2)可获得较高的产量和钾肥偏生产力,使胡麻的钾素利用特征得到较好发挥。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22271049)Fuzhou University,Xiamen University and Northwestern Polytechnical University.
文摘Replicating extraordinarily high membrane transport selectivity of protein channels in artificial channel is a challenging task.In this work,we demonstrate that a strategic application of steric code-based social self-sorting offers a novel means to enhance ion transport selectivities of artificial ion channels,alongside with boosted ion transport activities.More specifically,two types of mutually compatible sterically bulky groups(benzo-crown ether and tert-butyl group)were appended onto a monopeptide-based scaffold,which can order the bulky groups onto the same side of a one-dimensionally aligned H-bonded structure.Strong steric repulsions among the same type of bulky groups(either benzo-crown ethers or tert-butyl groups),which are forced into proximity by H-bonds,favor the formation of hetero-oligomeric ensem-bles that carry an alternative arrangement of sterically compatible benzo-crown ethers and tert-butyl groups,rather than homo-oligomeric ensembles containing a single type of either benzo-crown ethers or tert-butyl groups.Coupled with side chain tuning,this social self-sorting strategy delivers highly ac-tive hetero-oligomeric K+-selective ion channel(5F12-BF12)_(n),displaying the highest K+/Na+selectivity of 20.1 among artificial potassium channels and an excellent ECso value of 0.50μmol/L(0.62 mo1%relative to lipids)in terms of single channel concentration.
