The ramp wave compression experiments of iron with different thicknesses were performed on the magnetically driven ramp loading device CQ-4.Numerical simulations of this process were done with Hayes multi-phase equati...The ramp wave compression experiments of iron with different thicknesses were performed on the magnetically driven ramp loading device CQ-4.Numerical simulations of this process were done with Hayes multi-phase equation of state (H-MEOS) and dynamic equations of phase transition.The calculated results of H-MEOS are in good agreement with those of shock phase transition,but are different from those under ramp wave compression.The reason for this is that the bulk modulus of the material in the Hayes model and the wave velocity are considered constant.Shock compression is a jump from the initial state to the final state,and the sound speed is related to the slope of the Rayleigh line.However,ramp compression is a continuous process,and the bulk modulus is no longer a constant but a function of pressure and temperature.Based on Mumaghan equation of state,the first-order correction of the bulk modulus on pressure in the Hayes model was carried out.The numerical results of the corrected H-MEOS agree well with those of pure iron in both ramp and shock compression phase transition experiments.The calculated results show that the relaxation time of iron is about 30 ns and the phase transition pressure is about 13 GPa.There are obvious differences between the isentropic and adiabatic process in terms of pressure-specific volume and temperature-pressure.The fluctuation of the sound speed after 13 GPa is caused by the phase transition.展开更多
In this work, comprehensive studies of 2,4-dinitroanisole(2,4DNAN) were carried out using powder thermorentgenography of the internal standard. The time of the complete polymorphic transition in the solid phase β→a ...In this work, comprehensive studies of 2,4-dinitroanisole(2,4DNAN) were carried out using powder thermorentgenography of the internal standard. The time of the complete polymorphic transition in the solid phase β→a in 2,4DNAN under various combinations of conditions has been determined. It has been established that, regardless of the season of manufacture of the substance, when it is stored for 8-9months, with a change in ambient temperature from minus 30℃ to plus 30℃, a complete polymorphic transition β→a occurs. When stored in conditions below minus 5℃, polymorphic transition does not occur. When stored in conditions above plus 30℃ in a closed container, polymorphic transition occurs within 3 weeks. The polymorphic transition is accompanied by a decrease in density by 1.3%-1.5% and an increase in melting temperature by 10-12℃, depending on the degree of purity of the starting substance. The activation energy of the molecular rearrangement was 68-70 k J/mol(16.5 ± 3 kcal/mol). The mechanism of polymorphic transition has been evaluated, which is presumably based on internal homodiffusion and energy transfer to the surface of the mass of powder particles and the product. The average activation energy of the polymorphic transition process was 110 ± 6.2 k J/mol(26.2 kcal/mol). In an open container, reactions proceed by a homogeneous mechanism, and in a closed container by a heterogeneous mechanism involving the gas phase.展开更多
It is known that the dense part of any liquid metal consists of ramified clusters of almost regular tetrahedrons (triangular pyramids with atoms in their vertexes) that are connected into chains by faces. Any metal ad...It is known that the dense part of any liquid metal consists of ramified clusters of almost regular tetrahedrons (triangular pyramids with atoms in their vertexes) that are connected into chains by faces. Any metal additive as a second component of liquid alloy can be both beyond these clusters as separated atoms and into them as inherent clusters. The liquid-metal alloy transfers into the second state, at the first eutectic of the solvent. This polymorphic transition of liquid matrix is discovered in the systems, Pb-K and Na-Pb, by molecular-dynamic simulating their microstructure and in experiments on scattering slow neutrons by these alloys of different compositions. In the first system, the obtained results identify both the homogeneous alloy at low concentrations of potassium in liquid lead and the alloy clustering, (Pb4K)n, at potassium concentrations following the eutectic, Pb0.91K0.09. In the second one at the concentrations of lead more than 2%, just the second state is discovered with the clusters, (Na4Pb)n. One can expect the same polymorphic transition in the eutectic, Na0.93Tl0.07, with the micro-inhomogeneity, (Na6Tl)n, and with the melting point of 64 C. This eutectic maintained by the oxygen-free technology and enriched by the isotope, 205Tl, can become the best coolant for fast nuclear reactors due to the depressed chemical activity of sodium and composition stability.展开更多
Lead-free(K0.5-x/2Na0.5-x/2Lix)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3(KNLNT)and(K0.49-x/2Na0.49-x/2-LixCa0.01)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3(KNLNT-Ca)ceramics were prepared by a conventional ceramic processing.Structural analysis shows that the Ca^2+ doping...Lead-free(K0.5-x/2Na0.5-x/2Lix)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3(KNLNT)and(K0.49-x/2Na0.49-x/2-LixCa0.01)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3(KNLNT-Ca)ceramics were prepared by a conventional ceramic processing.Structural analysis shows that the Ca^2+ doping takes the A site of ABO3 perovskite and decreases the phase transition temperature.Property measurements reveal that as a donor dopant,the Ca^2+ doping results in higher room-temperature dielectric constant,lower dielectric loss,and lower mechanical quality factor.In addition,the Ca^2+ doping does not change the positive piezoelectric coefficient d33,but increases the converse piezoelectric coefficient d 33*significantly.This is likely due to the increase in the relaxation,as well as the appearance of(CaNa/K·-VNa/K’)defect dipoles.展开更多
采用固相法制备0.96(K_(0.49)Na_(0.51–x)Li_x)(Nb_(0.97)Ta_(0.03))O_3–0.04Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)ZrO_3(0.96KNNTL_x–0.04BNZ,x=0.00,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04)无铅压电陶瓷,研究Li掺杂量对0.96KNNTLx–0.04BNZ陶瓷相结构、微观形貌和电性...采用固相法制备0.96(K_(0.49)Na_(0.51–x)Li_x)(Nb_(0.97)Ta_(0.03))O_3–0.04Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)ZrO_3(0.96KNNTL_x–0.04BNZ,x=0.00,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04)无铅压电陶瓷,研究Li掺杂量对0.96KNNTLx–0.04BNZ陶瓷相结构、微观形貌和电性能的影响。结果表明:0.96KNNTLx–0.04BNZ陶瓷为纯钙钛矿结构,随着Li掺杂量x的增加,陶瓷由正交–四方两相共存逐渐转变为四方相。在x≤0.01时,陶瓷为正交–四方两相共存的多型相转变(polymorphic phase transition,PPT)结构;当x≥0.02时,陶瓷转变为四方相结构。在PPT向四方相转变的组成边界(x=0.02)处,陶瓷具有优异的电性能:压电常数d33=335 p C/N,机电耦合系数kp=38.40%,机械品质因数Qm=43,介电常数εT33/ε0=1 350,介电损耗tanδ=2.70%,剩余极化强度Pr=23.50μC/cm2,矫顽场Ec=1.52 k V/mm,Curie温度TC=325℃。分析了组成x=0.02的陶瓷在不同温度和不同频率下的交流阻抗谱,表明晶粒和晶界对电传导机制共同起作用,介电弛豫激活能与高温下氧空位移动的激活能相吻合,Erelax=1.15 e V。展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11327803)the project of Youth Innovation of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province(Grant 2016TD0022)the National Challenging Plan(Grant JCKY2016212A501).
文摘The ramp wave compression experiments of iron with different thicknesses were performed on the magnetically driven ramp loading device CQ-4.Numerical simulations of this process were done with Hayes multi-phase equation of state (H-MEOS) and dynamic equations of phase transition.The calculated results of H-MEOS are in good agreement with those of shock phase transition,but are different from those under ramp wave compression.The reason for this is that the bulk modulus of the material in the Hayes model and the wave velocity are considered constant.Shock compression is a jump from the initial state to the final state,and the sound speed is related to the slope of the Rayleigh line.However,ramp compression is a continuous process,and the bulk modulus is no longer a constant but a function of pressure and temperature.Based on Mumaghan equation of state,the first-order correction of the bulk modulus on pressure in the Hayes model was carried out.The numerical results of the corrected H-MEOS agree well with those of pure iron in both ramp and shock compression phase transition experiments.The calculated results show that the relaxation time of iron is about 30 ns and the phase transition pressure is about 13 GPa.There are obvious differences between the isentropic and adiabatic process in terms of pressure-specific volume and temperature-pressure.The fluctuation of the sound speed after 13 GPa is caused by the phase transition.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(Agreement with Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS Grant No.075-15-2020-803).
文摘In this work, comprehensive studies of 2,4-dinitroanisole(2,4DNAN) were carried out using powder thermorentgenography of the internal standard. The time of the complete polymorphic transition in the solid phase β→a in 2,4DNAN under various combinations of conditions has been determined. It has been established that, regardless of the season of manufacture of the substance, when it is stored for 8-9months, with a change in ambient temperature from minus 30℃ to plus 30℃, a complete polymorphic transition β→a occurs. When stored in conditions below minus 5℃, polymorphic transition does not occur. When stored in conditions above plus 30℃ in a closed container, polymorphic transition occurs within 3 weeks. The polymorphic transition is accompanied by a decrease in density by 1.3%-1.5% and an increase in melting temperature by 10-12℃, depending on the degree of purity of the starting substance. The activation energy of the molecular rearrangement was 68-70 k J/mol(16.5 ± 3 kcal/mol). The mechanism of polymorphic transition has been evaluated, which is presumably based on internal homodiffusion and energy transfer to the surface of the mass of powder particles and the product. The average activation energy of the polymorphic transition process was 110 ± 6.2 k J/mol(26.2 kcal/mol). In an open container, reactions proceed by a homogeneous mechanism, and in a closed container by a heterogeneous mechanism involving the gas phase.
文摘It is known that the dense part of any liquid metal consists of ramified clusters of almost regular tetrahedrons (triangular pyramids with atoms in their vertexes) that are connected into chains by faces. Any metal additive as a second component of liquid alloy can be both beyond these clusters as separated atoms and into them as inherent clusters. The liquid-metal alloy transfers into the second state, at the first eutectic of the solvent. This polymorphic transition of liquid matrix is discovered in the systems, Pb-K and Na-Pb, by molecular-dynamic simulating their microstructure and in experiments on scattering slow neutrons by these alloys of different compositions. In the first system, the obtained results identify both the homogeneous alloy at low concentrations of potassium in liquid lead and the alloy clustering, (Pb4K)n, at potassium concentrations following the eutectic, Pb0.91K0.09. In the second one at the concentrations of lead more than 2%, just the second state is discovered with the clusters, (Na4Pb)n. One can expect the same polymorphic transition in the eutectic, Na0.93Tl0.07, with the micro-inhomogeneity, (Na6Tl)n, and with the melting point of 64 C. This eutectic maintained by the oxygen-free technology and enriched by the isotope, 205Tl, can become the best coolant for fast nuclear reactors due to the depressed chemical activity of sodium and composition stability.
文摘Lead-free(K0.5-x/2Na0.5-x/2Lix)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3(KNLNT)and(K0.49-x/2Na0.49-x/2-LixCa0.01)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3(KNLNT-Ca)ceramics were prepared by a conventional ceramic processing.Structural analysis shows that the Ca^2+ doping takes the A site of ABO3 perovskite and decreases the phase transition temperature.Property measurements reveal that as a donor dopant,the Ca^2+ doping results in higher room-temperature dielectric constant,lower dielectric loss,and lower mechanical quality factor.In addition,the Ca^2+ doping does not change the positive piezoelectric coefficient d33,but increases the converse piezoelectric coefficient d 33*significantly.This is likely due to the increase in the relaxation,as well as the appearance of(CaNa/K·-VNa/K’)defect dipoles.
文摘采用固相法制备0.96(K_(0.49)Na_(0.51–x)Li_x)(Nb_(0.97)Ta_(0.03))O_3–0.04Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)ZrO_3(0.96KNNTL_x–0.04BNZ,x=0.00,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04)无铅压电陶瓷,研究Li掺杂量对0.96KNNTLx–0.04BNZ陶瓷相结构、微观形貌和电性能的影响。结果表明:0.96KNNTLx–0.04BNZ陶瓷为纯钙钛矿结构,随着Li掺杂量x的增加,陶瓷由正交–四方两相共存逐渐转变为四方相。在x≤0.01时,陶瓷为正交–四方两相共存的多型相转变(polymorphic phase transition,PPT)结构;当x≥0.02时,陶瓷转变为四方相结构。在PPT向四方相转变的组成边界(x=0.02)处,陶瓷具有优异的电性能:压电常数d33=335 p C/N,机电耦合系数kp=38.40%,机械品质因数Qm=43,介电常数εT33/ε0=1 350,介电损耗tanδ=2.70%,剩余极化强度Pr=23.50μC/cm2,矫顽场Ec=1.52 k V/mm,Curie温度TC=325℃。分析了组成x=0.02的陶瓷在不同温度和不同频率下的交流阻抗谱,表明晶粒和晶界对电传导机制共同起作用,介电弛豫激活能与高温下氧空位移动的激活能相吻合,Erelax=1.15 e V。
文摘采用固相法制备了(1-x)(K0.49Na0.51)(Nb0.97Ta0.03)O3-x Bi0.5Na0.5Zr O3(KNNT-BNZ,x=0,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05)无铅压电陶瓷,研究了Bi0.5Na0.5Zr O3(BNZ)的掺杂量对KNNT-BNZ陶瓷相结构、微观结构和电性能的影响。结果表明:KNNT-BNZ陶瓷具有纯的钙钛矿结构,随着BNZ掺杂量x的增加,陶瓷从正交相转变为四方相,并在0.03≤x≤0.04出现正交-四方两相共存的多型相转变区域。在该多型相转变区域靠近四方相的边界x=0.04处,陶瓷具有优异的电性能:压电常数d33=317 p C/N,机电耦合系数kp=36.4%,机械品质因数Qm=68,介电常数εT33/ε0=1225,介电损耗tanδ=3.1%,剩余极化强度Pr=20.5μC/cm2,矫顽场Ec=1.16 k V/mm,居里温度Tc=310℃。
