The technology of small point-focusing concentrator of solar energy has been developing rapidly in recent years owing to its compact structure and high collecting efficiency. This report presents important development...The technology of small point-focusing concentrator of solar energy has been developing rapidly in recent years owing to its compact structure and high collecting efficiency. This report presents important developments of small point-focusing concentrator in the past decade. This kind of solar concentrator refers to the parabolic dish concentrator, the point-focusing Fresnel lens, and the Scheffler reflector. Technological advances of these concentrators and the related performances have been presented. There are three main mirror fabrication technologies for dish concentrator, which are high polishing metal, silver-glass mirror and vacuum-membrane. Polymethyl methacrylate is widely used as material in Fresnel lens. Many scholars have proposed new lens shape to improve the uniformity of focusing. The Scheffler reflector has a characteristic of fixed focus, but its design parameters are not perfect so current research focuses on the theoretical calculation of the mirror. In addition, typical applications of the small point-focusing concentrator in photovoltaic system, solar thermal system, solar chemical system, and day-lighting system are summarized. Upon listing the important publications in open literature, a category of main applications of such kind of solar collector is provided based on the working characteristics of the system.展开更多
静电四级透镜具有优越的电子光学聚焦成像性能,单一静电四极透镜可实现电子束线聚焦,组合静电四极透镜系统拥有点聚焦的能力。文中对实现点聚焦的双静电四极透镜系统相关参数进行了计算,利用电子光学软件SIMION仿真发现,静电四极透镜之...静电四级透镜具有优越的电子光学聚焦成像性能,单一静电四极透镜可实现电子束线聚焦,组合静电四极透镜系统拥有点聚焦的能力。文中对实现点聚焦的双静电四极透镜系统相关参数进行了计算,利用电子光学软件SIMION仿真发现,静电四极透镜之间的畸变场与两端的边缘场引起的像差会严重影响系统聚焦成像质量。仿真分析了系统像差与发射电子初动能的关系。结果表明:系统在保证点聚焦的情况下,增加电子发射初动能可以有效减小系统像差;当电子初动能增加至1×105 e V时,最大发散角为2°的电子束在聚焦平面上的弥散斑减小至3.2μm×28μm。展开更多
In this paper, the main aim is the performances modelling from the electrical and thermal point of view of a concentrating photovoltaic and thermal(CPV/T) system in order to evaluate the primary energy and economic sa...In this paper, the main aim is the performances modelling from the electrical and thermal point of view of a concentrating photovoltaic and thermal(CPV/T) system in order to evaluate the primary energy and economic savings respect to a traditional system, when the same energy loads are satisfied. This study is realized by both varying the CPV/T system configuration and considering two different users. In particular, the point-focus(PF), and linear focus(LF) configurations of the CPV/T system are considered in order to match the residential user and hotel energy loads. The CPV/T system is sized adopting as input data: the Direct Normal Irradiance(DNI) modelled by an artificial neural network and the users' energy demands. In these hypotheses, the performances of the PF and LF systems are evaluated and then compared for the two users located in Southern Italy, in terms of electrical and thermal energy production, cells number, space occupied, energy and economic savings and CO2 emissions avoided. Finally, the PF system shows a lower simple pay-back and a higher primary energy saving, while the space occupied by a LF system results to be lower respect to the PF configuration.展开更多
The concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems are a promising technology to obtain clean energy. However, these systems are not equally convenient worldwide due to different climatic conditions. The main aim of this pa...The concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems are a promising technology to obtain clean energy. However, these systems are not equally convenient worldwide due to different climatic conditions. The main aim of this paper is to analyze energy and economic performances of a point-focus CPV system for a residential user when its installation site varies. Three locations, Riyadh, Copenhagen, and Palermo, characterized by very different weather conditions are chosen. A model that links the electrical power of a triple-junction (TJ) cell with its temperature and concentrated radiation incident on it is experimentally developed to evaluate the energy performance of the CPV system. A comparison of the three localities for typical winter and summer sunny days indicates that the higher values of the TJ cell temperature are reached in summer, over 70°C at Riyadh, and its electrical power is reduced compared to a winter day. In winter, a TJ cell in Riyadh supplies an electric power of about 20% higher than that in other two cities, while in summer, the maximum power is observed at Copenhagen. On the contrary, the electrical producibility also depends on the sunlight daily hours number during the year. Hence, considering the real distribution of direct normal irradiance (DNI) and the environmental temperature for each locality, a CPV system composed of modules of 90 cells adopted for a residential user is sized. The electric producibility of the CPV system, by varying its module number, is evaluated for different localities together with the optimal number of the modules which is able to maximize the investment profitability.展开更多
基金sponsored by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (No. 2015CB251303)
文摘The technology of small point-focusing concentrator of solar energy has been developing rapidly in recent years owing to its compact structure and high collecting efficiency. This report presents important developments of small point-focusing concentrator in the past decade. This kind of solar concentrator refers to the parabolic dish concentrator, the point-focusing Fresnel lens, and the Scheffler reflector. Technological advances of these concentrators and the related performances have been presented. There are three main mirror fabrication technologies for dish concentrator, which are high polishing metal, silver-glass mirror and vacuum-membrane. Polymethyl methacrylate is widely used as material in Fresnel lens. Many scholars have proposed new lens shape to improve the uniformity of focusing. The Scheffler reflector has a characteristic of fixed focus, but its design parameters are not perfect so current research focuses on the theoretical calculation of the mirror. In addition, typical applications of the small point-focusing concentrator in photovoltaic system, solar thermal system, solar chemical system, and day-lighting system are summarized. Upon listing the important publications in open literature, a category of main applications of such kind of solar collector is provided based on the working characteristics of the system.
文摘静电四级透镜具有优越的电子光学聚焦成像性能,单一静电四极透镜可实现电子束线聚焦,组合静电四极透镜系统拥有点聚焦的能力。文中对实现点聚焦的双静电四极透镜系统相关参数进行了计算,利用电子光学软件SIMION仿真发现,静电四极透镜之间的畸变场与两端的边缘场引起的像差会严重影响系统聚焦成像质量。仿真分析了系统像差与发射电子初动能的关系。结果表明:系统在保证点聚焦的情况下,增加电子发射初动能可以有效减小系统像差;当电子初动能增加至1×105 e V时,最大发散角为2°的电子束在聚焦平面上的弥散斑减小至3.2μm×28μm。
文摘In this paper, the main aim is the performances modelling from the electrical and thermal point of view of a concentrating photovoltaic and thermal(CPV/T) system in order to evaluate the primary energy and economic savings respect to a traditional system, when the same energy loads are satisfied. This study is realized by both varying the CPV/T system configuration and considering two different users. In particular, the point-focus(PF), and linear focus(LF) configurations of the CPV/T system are considered in order to match the residential user and hotel energy loads. The CPV/T system is sized adopting as input data: the Direct Normal Irradiance(DNI) modelled by an artificial neural network and the users' energy demands. In these hypotheses, the performances of the PF and LF systems are evaluated and then compared for the two users located in Southern Italy, in terms of electrical and thermal energy production, cells number, space occupied, energy and economic savings and CO2 emissions avoided. Finally, the PF system shows a lower simple pay-back and a higher primary energy saving, while the space occupied by a LF system results to be lower respect to the PF configuration.
文摘The concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems are a promising technology to obtain clean energy. However, these systems are not equally convenient worldwide due to different climatic conditions. The main aim of this paper is to analyze energy and economic performances of a point-focus CPV system for a residential user when its installation site varies. Three locations, Riyadh, Copenhagen, and Palermo, characterized by very different weather conditions are chosen. A model that links the electrical power of a triple-junction (TJ) cell with its temperature and concentrated radiation incident on it is experimentally developed to evaluate the energy performance of the CPV system. A comparison of the three localities for typical winter and summer sunny days indicates that the higher values of the TJ cell temperature are reached in summer, over 70°C at Riyadh, and its electrical power is reduced compared to a winter day. In winter, a TJ cell in Riyadh supplies an electric power of about 20% higher than that in other two cities, while in summer, the maximum power is observed at Copenhagen. On the contrary, the electrical producibility also depends on the sunlight daily hours number during the year. Hence, considering the real distribution of direct normal irradiance (DNI) and the environmental temperature for each locality, a CPV system composed of modules of 90 cells adopted for a residential user is sized. The electric producibility of the CPV system, by varying its module number, is evaluated for different localities together with the optimal number of the modules which is able to maximize the investment profitability.
