分析人体跑、跳、投等与反向动作、“Plyometric”的关系,并以下肢为例从生物力学视角对肌肉收缩的“拉长—缩短周期”(stretch-shortening sycle,SSC)运动的预激活时期、离心收缩期、离心—向心耦联期、向心收缩期四个运动时相进行了...分析人体跑、跳、投等与反向动作、“Plyometric”的关系,并以下肢为例从生物力学视角对肌肉收缩的“拉长—缩短周期”(stretch-shortening sycle,SSC)运动的预激活时期、离心收缩期、离心—向心耦联期、向心收缩期四个运动时相进行了探讨和述评,介绍SSC理论的起源以及相应的生物力学机制,且分析SSC运动与“残余力量增加”(residual force enhancement,RFE)和“残余力量抑制”(residual force depression,RFD)的关系。同时,搜集、整理和追溯“Plyometric”一词的来源,归纳并梳理其在国内爆发力训练理论研究领域的翻译历程,阐述快速伸缩复合训练(plyometric training,PT)导入的生物力学原则。旨在加强教练员、运动员以及广大体育工作者对SSC运动理论的认识,了解PT训练的生物力学原理,为各专项运动员爆发力训练提供一定理论依据和实际参考。展开更多
Purpose:This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and time course for improvements in explosive actions through resistance training(RT)vs.plyometric training(PT)in prepubertal soccer players.Methods:Thirty-four mal...Purpose:This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and time course for improvements in explosive actions through resistance training(RT)vs.plyometric training(PT)in prepubertal soccer players.Methods:Thirty-four male subjects were assigned to:a control group(n=11);an RT group(5 regular soccer training sessions per week,n=12);a PT group(3 soccer training sessions and 2 RT sessions per week,n=11).The outcome measures included tests for the assessment of muscle strength(e.g.,1 repetition maximum half-squat test),jump ability(e.g.,countermovement jump,squat jump,standing long jump,and multiple 5 bounds test),linear speed(e.g.,20m sprint test),and change of direction(e.g.,Illinois change of direction test).Results:The RTG showed an improvement in the half-squat(△=13.2%;d=1.3,p<0.001)and countermovement jump(△=9.4%;d=2.4,p<0.001)at Week 4,whereas improvements in the 20-m sprint(△=4.2%;d=1.1,p<0.01);change of direction(CoD)(△=3.8%;d=2.1,p<0.01);multiple 5 bounds(△=5.1%;d=1.5,p<0.05);standing long jump(△=7.2%;d=1.2,p<0.01);squat jump(△=19.6%;d=1.5,p<0.01);were evident at Week 8.The PTG showed improvements in CoD(△=2.1%;d=1.3,p<0.05);standing long jump(△=9.3%;d=1.1,p<0.01);countermovement jump(△=16.1%;d=1.2,p<0.01);and squat jump(△=16.7%;d=1.4,p<0.01);at Week 8 whereas improvements in the 20-m sprint(△=4.1%;d=1.3,p<0.01);and multiple 5 bounds(△=7.4%;d=2.4,p<0.001);were evident only after Week.The RT and PT groups showed improvements in all sprint,CoD,and jump tests(p<0.05)and in half-squat performance,for which improvement was only shown within the RTG(p<0.001).Conclusion:RT and PT conducted in combination with regular soccer training are safe and feasible interventions for prepubertal soccer players.In addition,these interventions were shown to be effective training tools to improve explosive actions with different time courses of improvements,which manifested earlier in the RTG than in the PTG.These outcomes may help coaches and fitness trainers set out clear and concise goals of training acc展开更多
Badminton is one of the world's most popular racquet sports,demanding motor skills such as agility and vertical jump mainly for striking a shuttlecock.This study compared the effects of four weeks of plyometric tr...Badminton is one of the world's most popular racquet sports,demanding motor skills such as agility and vertical jump mainly for striking a shuttlecock.This study compared the effects of four weeks of plyometric training and electromyostimulation of knee extensor and ankle plantar flexor muscles on agility,30-m sprint,lower limb explosive power and jumping ability amongst badminton players.State-level badminton players(n=90)were randomly allocated into three groups:plyometric(PG),electromyostimulation(EG)and control group(CG),each with 30 players.Randomized-to-Groups Pretest-Posttest Design with two experimental(plyometric and electromyostimulation)groups and a control group was used.The plyometric training was carried out two times/week while the EMS training was four times/week for four weeks.The control group did not receive any intervention.All three groups continued their general badminton training throughout the study.Players were assessed for agility,a 30-m sprint,a standing broad jump and a vertical jump height before and after four weeks.A significant improvement(p=0.01)in 30-m sprint time was observed(3.83%)in PG as compared to controls.Jumping ability was significantly improved in both the PG and EG in comparison to the controls(4.45%,p=0.003 for PG and 3.95%,p=0.048 for EG).No significant improvement was found in agility and lower limb explosive power in either of the PG or EG groups in comparison to the controls.Plyometric training showed significant improvement in sprint time and jumping ability,whereas electromyostimulation training showed significant improvement only in jumping ability.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CT （complex training） on VJ （vertical jump）. It was hypothesized that VJ height would be enhanced through CT and even greater increases would occur as a ...The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CT （complex training） on VJ （vertical jump）. It was hypothesized that VJ height would be enhanced through CT and even greater increases would occur as a result of higher intensity resistance exercise. Twenty male high school basketball players were divided into two training groups： a H1 （high intensity）, low repetition group and a medium intensity, HR （high repetition） group. Each training group trained twice per week for six weeks. Training protocols involved three sets of 8-10 squat repetitions （80%-85% 1RM （repetition maximum）） for the HI group followed by ten countermovement jumps and thre.e sets of 12-15 squat repetitions （60%-70% 1RM） for the HR group followed by ten countermovement jumps. A three minute rest period was utilized between each set. Participants were tested at weeks 1, 3, and 6. The results of this study revealed that there was not a significant difference between the two CT protocols with respect to VJ （p = 0.077）. At week 6 both groups increased VJ significantly; HI group （4.0 ±1.8 cm, p 〈 0.01） and the HR group （2.7 ± 1.6 cm, p 〈 0.01）. Within the parameters of this study CT with either HI or HR protocols are effective at improving VJ.展开更多
Purpose Jump-landing assessments provide a means to quantify an individual’s ability to attenuate ground reaction forces,generate lower limb explosive power and maintain joint alignment.In order to identify risk fact...Purpose Jump-landing assessments provide a means to quantify an individual’s ability to attenuate ground reaction forces,generate lower limb explosive power and maintain joint alignment.In order to identify risk factors that can be targeted through appropriate training interventions,it is necessary to establish which(scalar)objective kinetic,kinematic,and performance measures are most associated with lower-extremity injury.Methods Online searches of MEDLINE,SCOPUS,EBSCOHost,SPORTDiscus and PubMed databases were completed for all articles published before March 2020 in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.Results 40 articles investigating nine jump-landing assessments were included in this review.The 79%of studies using drop jump(n=14)observed an association with future injury,while only 8%of countermovement jump studies(n=13)observed an association with injury risk.The 57%of studies using unilateral assessments found associations with risk of injury(n=14).Studies using performance measures(jump height/distance)as outcome measure were only associated with injury risk in 30%of cases.However,those using kinetic and/or kinematic analyses(knee abduction moment,knee valgus angle,knee separation distance,peak ground reaction force)found associations with injury in 89%of studies.Conclusion The landing element of jump-landing assessments appears to be superior for identifying individuals at greater risk of injury;likely due to a closer representation of the injury mechanism.Consequently,jump-landing assessments that involve attenuation of impact forces such as the drop jump appear most suited for this purpose but should involve assessment of frontal plane knee motion and ground reaction forces.展开更多
Purpose The aim of the study was to establish the optimum variable resistance(VR)intensity for loaded countermovement jump(LCMJ)to induce post-activation potentiation(PAP).Methods Eleven male athletes(age 23±2.3 ...Purpose The aim of the study was to establish the optimum variable resistance(VR)intensity for loaded countermovement jump(LCMJ)to induce post-activation potentiation(PAP).Methods Eleven male athletes(age 23±2.3 years,height 1.77±0.05 m,body mass 73.7±9.0 kg)attended one familiariza-tion and four testing sessions.Subjects performed their own pre-competition warm up before performing two countermove-ment jumps(CMJ)for baseline measure.Subsequently,they performed 2×3 unloaded(UCMJ)or loaded CMJ(LCMJ)with one of the three VR intensities,Orange(6.7±0.6 kg),Red(14.0±0.9 kg)and Blue(24.0±1.4 kg),in random order,before performing two more CMJ for post-test measure.Each testing session was separated by at least 48 h.Results There was significant increase in jump height in all conditions(P<0.05),but no significant difference in change in jump height between conditions(P>0.05).There were small to moderate effect when comparing Orange and the other conditions.Peak force and velocity increased in Red(P<0.05)and Orange(P<0.05),respectively.Change in jump height was significantly correlated to change in peak velocity(r=0.46,P=0.002)and peak power(r=0.46,P=0.002).Conclusion The findings of the study showed that UCMJ and LCMJ were effective in improving jump height acutely,and an intensity level of about 10%body weight contributed by VR seems to be the optimum resistance level.展开更多
文摘分析人体跑、跳、投等与反向动作、“Plyometric”的关系,并以下肢为例从生物力学视角对肌肉收缩的“拉长—缩短周期”(stretch-shortening sycle,SSC)运动的预激活时期、离心收缩期、离心—向心耦联期、向心收缩期四个运动时相进行了探讨和述评,介绍SSC理论的起源以及相应的生物力学机制,且分析SSC运动与“残余力量增加”(residual force enhancement,RFE)和“残余力量抑制”(residual force depression,RFD)的关系。同时,搜集、整理和追溯“Plyometric”一词的来源,归纳并梳理其在国内爆发力训练理论研究领域的翻译历程,阐述快速伸缩复合训练(plyometric training,PT)导入的生物力学原则。旨在加强教练员、运动员以及广大体育工作者对SSC运动理论的认识,了解PT训练的生物力学原理,为各专项运动员爆发力训练提供一定理论依据和实际参考。
文摘Purpose:This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and time course for improvements in explosive actions through resistance training(RT)vs.plyometric training(PT)in prepubertal soccer players.Methods:Thirty-four male subjects were assigned to:a control group(n=11);an RT group(5 regular soccer training sessions per week,n=12);a PT group(3 soccer training sessions and 2 RT sessions per week,n=11).The outcome measures included tests for the assessment of muscle strength(e.g.,1 repetition maximum half-squat test),jump ability(e.g.,countermovement jump,squat jump,standing long jump,and multiple 5 bounds test),linear speed(e.g.,20m sprint test),and change of direction(e.g.,Illinois change of direction test).Results:The RTG showed an improvement in the half-squat(△=13.2%;d=1.3,p<0.001)and countermovement jump(△=9.4%;d=2.4,p<0.001)at Week 4,whereas improvements in the 20-m sprint(△=4.2%;d=1.1,p<0.01);change of direction(CoD)(△=3.8%;d=2.1,p<0.01);multiple 5 bounds(△=5.1%;d=1.5,p<0.05);standing long jump(△=7.2%;d=1.2,p<0.01);squat jump(△=19.6%;d=1.5,p<0.01);were evident at Week 8.The PTG showed improvements in CoD(△=2.1%;d=1.3,p<0.05);standing long jump(△=9.3%;d=1.1,p<0.01);countermovement jump(△=16.1%;d=1.2,p<0.01);and squat jump(△=16.7%;d=1.4,p<0.01);at Week 8 whereas improvements in the 20-m sprint(△=4.1%;d=1.3,p<0.01);and multiple 5 bounds(△=7.4%;d=2.4,p<0.001);were evident only after Week.The RT and PT groups showed improvements in all sprint,CoD,and jump tests(p<0.05)and in half-squat performance,for which improvement was only shown within the RTG(p<0.001).Conclusion:RT and PT conducted in combination with regular soccer training are safe and feasible interventions for prepubertal soccer players.In addition,these interventions were shown to be effective training tools to improve explosive actions with different time courses of improvements,which manifested earlier in the RTG than in the PTG.These outcomes may help coaches and fitness trainers set out clear and concise goals of training acc
文摘Badminton is one of the world's most popular racquet sports,demanding motor skills such as agility and vertical jump mainly for striking a shuttlecock.This study compared the effects of four weeks of plyometric training and electromyostimulation of knee extensor and ankle plantar flexor muscles on agility,30-m sprint,lower limb explosive power and jumping ability amongst badminton players.State-level badminton players(n=90)were randomly allocated into three groups:plyometric(PG),electromyostimulation(EG)and control group(CG),each with 30 players.Randomized-to-Groups Pretest-Posttest Design with two experimental(plyometric and electromyostimulation)groups and a control group was used.The plyometric training was carried out two times/week while the EMS training was four times/week for four weeks.The control group did not receive any intervention.All three groups continued their general badminton training throughout the study.Players were assessed for agility,a 30-m sprint,a standing broad jump and a vertical jump height before and after four weeks.A significant improvement(p=0.01)in 30-m sprint time was observed(3.83%)in PG as compared to controls.Jumping ability was significantly improved in both the PG and EG in comparison to the controls(4.45%,p=0.003 for PG and 3.95%,p=0.048 for EG).No significant improvement was found in agility and lower limb explosive power in either of the PG or EG groups in comparison to the controls.Plyometric training showed significant improvement in sprint time and jumping ability,whereas electromyostimulation training showed significant improvement only in jumping ability.
文摘The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CT （complex training） on VJ （vertical jump）. It was hypothesized that VJ height would be enhanced through CT and even greater increases would occur as a result of higher intensity resistance exercise. Twenty male high school basketball players were divided into two training groups： a H1 （high intensity）, low repetition group and a medium intensity, HR （high repetition） group. Each training group trained twice per week for six weeks. Training protocols involved three sets of 8-10 squat repetitions （80%-85% 1RM （repetition maximum）） for the HI group followed by ten countermovement jumps and thre.e sets of 12-15 squat repetitions （60%-70% 1RM） for the HR group followed by ten countermovement jumps. A three minute rest period was utilized between each set. Participants were tested at weeks 1, 3, and 6. The results of this study revealed that there was not a significant difference between the two CT protocols with respect to VJ （p = 0.077）. At week 6 both groups increased VJ significantly; HI group （4.0 ±1.8 cm, p 〈 0.01） and the HR group （2.7 ± 1.6 cm, p 〈 0.01）. Within the parameters of this study CT with either HI or HR protocols are effective at improving VJ.
文摘Purpose Jump-landing assessments provide a means to quantify an individual’s ability to attenuate ground reaction forces,generate lower limb explosive power and maintain joint alignment.In order to identify risk factors that can be targeted through appropriate training interventions,it is necessary to establish which(scalar)objective kinetic,kinematic,and performance measures are most associated with lower-extremity injury.Methods Online searches of MEDLINE,SCOPUS,EBSCOHost,SPORTDiscus and PubMed databases were completed for all articles published before March 2020 in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.Results 40 articles investigating nine jump-landing assessments were included in this review.The 79%of studies using drop jump(n=14)observed an association with future injury,while only 8%of countermovement jump studies(n=13)observed an association with injury risk.The 57%of studies using unilateral assessments found associations with risk of injury(n=14).Studies using performance measures(jump height/distance)as outcome measure were only associated with injury risk in 30%of cases.However,those using kinetic and/or kinematic analyses(knee abduction moment,knee valgus angle,knee separation distance,peak ground reaction force)found associations with injury in 89%of studies.Conclusion The landing element of jump-landing assessments appears to be superior for identifying individuals at greater risk of injury;likely due to a closer representation of the injury mechanism.Consequently,jump-landing assessments that involve attenuation of impact forces such as the drop jump appear most suited for this purpose but should involve assessment of frontal plane knee motion and ground reaction forces.
文摘Purpose The aim of the study was to establish the optimum variable resistance(VR)intensity for loaded countermovement jump(LCMJ)to induce post-activation potentiation(PAP).Methods Eleven male athletes(age 23±2.3 years,height 1.77±0.05 m,body mass 73.7±9.0 kg)attended one familiariza-tion and four testing sessions.Subjects performed their own pre-competition warm up before performing two countermove-ment jumps(CMJ)for baseline measure.Subsequently,they performed 2×3 unloaded(UCMJ)or loaded CMJ(LCMJ)with one of the three VR intensities,Orange(6.7±0.6 kg),Red(14.0±0.9 kg)and Blue(24.0±1.4 kg),in random order,before performing two more CMJ for post-test measure.Each testing session was separated by at least 48 h.Results There was significant increase in jump height in all conditions(P<0.05),but no significant difference in change in jump height between conditions(P>0.05).There were small to moderate effect when comparing Orange and the other conditions.Peak force and velocity increased in Red(P<0.05)and Orange(P<0.05),respectively.Change in jump height was significantly correlated to change in peak velocity(r=0.46,P=0.002)and peak power(r=0.46,P=0.002).Conclusion The findings of the study showed that UCMJ and LCMJ were effective in improving jump height acutely,and an intensity level of about 10%body weight contributed by VR seems to be the optimum resistance level.
