The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric an...The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.展开更多
Aiming at the needs of mechanism analysis of rainstorms and development of numerical prediction models in south China, the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration ...Aiming at the needs of mechanism analysis of rainstorms and development of numerical prediction models in south China, the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration and the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences jointly set up the Longmen Cloud Physics Field Experiment Base,China Meteorological Administration. This paper introduces the instruments and field experiments of this base, provides an overview of the recent advances in retrieval algorithms of microphysical parameters, improved understanding of microphysical characteristics, as well as the formation mechanisms and numerical prediction of heavy rainfalls in south China based on the field experiments dataset.展开更多
Pulsed electric field(PEF)technology is a highly promising non-thermal processing technique,which holds great potential for sterilizing liquid food.The effectiveness of this treatment depends on two crucial factors:pu...Pulsed electric field(PEF)technology is a highly promising non-thermal processing technique,which holds great potential for sterilizing liquid food.The effectiveness of this treatment depends on two crucial factors:pulse parameters and the structure of the processor.In this study,we focus on optimizing the shape of insulators within the PEF processor to improve the sterilization effect.This research provides a reliable technical reference for designing industrial equipment.The numerical simulation of multi-physics fields was employed to analyze the temperature,electric field,and fluid field distributions for different insulators.Ultimately,the geometric structure of the insulator was optimized by embedding a 0.7-mm arc.Sterilization experiments were then conducted on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus suspensions with conductivities similar to those of real grapefruit juice.The sterilization effect of the processor with the optimized structure and the maximum applied voltage was examined at the same driving frequency.The results indicate that compared to the original structure,there is an increase in withstanding voltage by 5–10 kV while maintaining significantly improved bactericidal effects at the same applied voltage.Furthermore,we preliminarily discussed the sterilization mechanism by combining electroporation theory with the electroporation threshold of S.aureus.展开更多
We conducted a study on a simplified dark matter model that introduces a vector-like intermediate particle,facilitating exclusive interactions between dark matter and the top quark in the Standard Model.The analysis f...We conducted a study on a simplified dark matter model that introduces a vector-like intermediate particle,facilitating exclusive interactions between dark matter and the top quark in the Standard Model.The analysis focused on the relic density of Dirac-type fermion dark matter and highlighted the complementary role of direct detection in constraining the dark matter model.Notably,in instances when dark matter mass is small,the tree-level two-body annihilation process experiences suppression.In such scenarios,the contributions of the threebody process(χχ→tbW-)and the one-loop process(χχ→gg)dominate the relic abundance.With regard to direct detection,calculations were performed for the two-loop contribution to the dark-matter-gluon interaction,yielding the corresponding spin-independent scattering cross section.展开更多
In this study,a novel multi-physics multi-scale model with the dilute multicomponent phase-field method in three-dimensional(3D)space was developed to investigate the complex microstructure evolu-tion in the molten po...In this study,a novel multi-physics multi-scale model with the dilute multicomponent phase-field method in three-dimensional(3D)space was developed to investigate the complex microstructure evolu-tion in the molten pool during laser welding of Al-Li alloy.To accurately compute mass data within both two and three-dimensional computational domains,three efficient computing methods,including central processing unit parallel computing,adaptive mesh refinement,and moving-frame algorithm,were uti-lized.Emphasis was placed on the distinctive equiaxed-to-columnar-to-equiaxed transition phenomenon that occurs during the entire solidification process of Al-Li alloy laser welding.Simulation results indi-cated that the growth distance of columnar grains that epitaxially grew from the base metal(BM)de-creased as the nucleation rate increased.As the nucleation rate increased,the morphology of the newly formed grains near the fusion boundary(FB)changed from columnar to equiaxed,and newly formed equiaxed grains changed from having high-order dendrites to no obvious dendrite structure.When the nucleation rate was sufficiently high,non-dendritic equiaxed grains could directly form near the FB,and there was nearly no epitaxial growth from the BM.Additionally,simulation results illustrated the com-petition among multiple grains with varying orientations that grow in 3D space near the FB.Finally,how equiaxed grain bands develop was elucidated.The equiaxed band not only hindered the growth of early columnar grains but also some of its grains could grow epitaxially to form new columnar grains.These predicted results were in good agreement with experimental measurements and observations.展开更多
Electromagnetic absorbing materials may convert electromagnetic energy into heat energy and dissipate it.However,in a high-power electromagnetic radiation environment,the temperature of the absorbing material rises si...Electromagnetic absorbing materials may convert electromagnetic energy into heat energy and dissipate it.However,in a high-power electromagnetic radiation environment,the temperature of the absorbing material rises significantly and even burns.It becomes critical to ensure electromagnetic absorption performance while minimizing temperature rise.Here,we systematically study the coupling mechanism between the electromagnetic field and the temperature field when the absorbing material is irradiated by electromagnetic waves.We find out the influence of the constitutive parameters of the absorbing materials(including uniform and non-uniform)on the temperature distribution.Finally,through a smart design,we achieve better absorption and lower temperature simultaneously.The accuracy of the model is affirmed as simulation results aligned with theoretical analysis.This work provides a new avenue to control the temperature distribution of absorbing materials.展开更多
文摘The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22422203,42030610,41975138,41975046,42075086,42275008)the High-level Science and Technology Journals Projects of Guangdong Province(214040990009)+1 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant(2017YFC1501701,2017YFC1501703)Science and Technology Foundation of CAMS(2020KJ021)。
文摘Aiming at the needs of mechanism analysis of rainstorms and development of numerical prediction models in south China, the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration and the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences jointly set up the Longmen Cloud Physics Field Experiment Base,China Meteorological Administration. This paper introduces the instruments and field experiments of this base, provides an overview of the recent advances in retrieval algorithms of microphysical parameters, improved understanding of microphysical characteristics, as well as the formation mechanisms and numerical prediction of heavy rainfalls in south China based on the field experiments dataset.
基金the Key R&D Program of Guangdong Province(No.2018B020239001),China.
文摘Pulsed electric field(PEF)technology is a highly promising non-thermal processing technique,which holds great potential for sterilizing liquid food.The effectiveness of this treatment depends on two crucial factors:pulse parameters and the structure of the processor.In this study,we focus on optimizing the shape of insulators within the PEF processor to improve the sterilization effect.This research provides a reliable technical reference for designing industrial equipment.The numerical simulation of multi-physics fields was employed to analyze the temperature,electric field,and fluid field distributions for different insulators.Ultimately,the geometric structure of the insulator was optimized by embedding a 0.7-mm arc.Sterilization experiments were then conducted on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus suspensions with conductivities similar to those of real grapefruit juice.The sterilization effect of the processor with the optimized structure and the maximum applied voltage was examined at the same driving frequency.The results indicate that compared to the original structure,there is an increase in withstanding voltage by 5–10 kV while maintaining significantly improved bactericidal effects at the same applied voltage.Furthermore,we preliminarily discussed the sterilization mechanism by combining electroporation theory with the electroporation threshold of S.aureus.
基金supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 12222502 and 12075257。
文摘We conducted a study on a simplified dark matter model that introduces a vector-like intermediate particle,facilitating exclusive interactions between dark matter and the top quark in the Standard Model.The analysis focused on the relic density of Dirac-type fermion dark matter and highlighted the complementary role of direct detection in constraining the dark matter model.Notably,in instances when dark matter mass is small,the tree-level two-body annihilation process experiences suppression.In such scenarios,the contributions of the threebody process(χχ→tbW-)and the one-loop process(χχ→gg)dominate the relic abundance.With regard to direct detection,calculations were performed for the two-loop contribution to the dark-matter-gluon interaction,yielding the corresponding spin-independent scattering cross section.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52075201,U22A20196,52188102)GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515010081).
文摘In this study,a novel multi-physics multi-scale model with the dilute multicomponent phase-field method in three-dimensional(3D)space was developed to investigate the complex microstructure evolu-tion in the molten pool during laser welding of Al-Li alloy.To accurately compute mass data within both two and three-dimensional computational domains,three efficient computing methods,including central processing unit parallel computing,adaptive mesh refinement,and moving-frame algorithm,were uti-lized.Emphasis was placed on the distinctive equiaxed-to-columnar-to-equiaxed transition phenomenon that occurs during the entire solidification process of Al-Li alloy laser welding.Simulation results indi-cated that the growth distance of columnar grains that epitaxially grew from the base metal(BM)de-creased as the nucleation rate increased.As the nucleation rate increased,the morphology of the newly formed grains near the fusion boundary(FB)changed from columnar to equiaxed,and newly formed equiaxed grains changed from having high-order dendrites to no obvious dendrite structure.When the nucleation rate was sufficiently high,non-dendritic equiaxed grains could directly form near the FB,and there was nearly no epitaxial growth from the BM.Additionally,simulation results illustrated the com-petition among multiple grains with varying orientations that grow in 3D space near the FB.Finally,how equiaxed grain bands develop was elucidated.The equiaxed band not only hindered the growth of early columnar grains but also some of its grains could grow epitaxially to form new columnar grains.These predicted results were in good agreement with experimental measurements and observations.
文摘Electromagnetic absorbing materials may convert electromagnetic energy into heat energy and dissipate it.However,in a high-power electromagnetic radiation environment,the temperature of the absorbing material rises significantly and even burns.It becomes critical to ensure electromagnetic absorption performance while minimizing temperature rise.Here,we systematically study the coupling mechanism between the electromagnetic field and the temperature field when the absorbing material is irradiated by electromagnetic waves.We find out the influence of the constitutive parameters of the absorbing materials(including uniform and non-uniform)on the temperature distribution.Finally,through a smart design,we achieve better absorption and lower temperature simultaneously.The accuracy of the model is affirmed as simulation results aligned with theoretical analysis.This work provides a new avenue to control the temperature distribution of absorbing materials.
