There are generally four recognized classes of japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley. The geographical distribution of the four classes is latitude-dependent. Variation for head...There are generally four recognized classes of japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley. The geographical distribution of the four classes is latitude-dependent. Variation for heading date （HD） among 29 japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley and belonging to the four classes was characterized, and their sensitivity to variations in photoperiod and temperature was analyzed. All of the cultivars were sensitive to both photoperiod and temperature. A regression analysis showed that HD is closely correlated with photoperiod sensitivity （PS）. The PS of the four classes increased gradually from the medium maturing middle （MMM） types, through the late maturing middle （LMM） and early maturing late （EML） types to the medium maturing late （MML） types. Crosses with tester lines established that almost all of the cultivars carry the dominant early-heading allele at Ef-1, the photoperiod insensitive allele e2 and the PS alleles E1 or E1^t. Most of the MMM, LMM and MML types carry the insensitive allele e3, while EML types have either E3 or E3^t. At Se-1, MMM and LMM types have Se-1^e, some EML types have Se-1^e and others Se-1^n, while the MML types are mostly Se-fn. The PS of some MMM, LMM and EML types is reduced by the presence of hd2. These results show that the distribution of the four rice cultivar classes from high latitude to low latitude regions depended on a gradual increase in PS, which is mainly determined by its HD genotypes.展开更多
In this paper, the genotype of heading time in Nanjing 11, an indica variety, was analyzed by crossing with tester varieties, Akihikari (e1e1e2e2e3e3SeleSele), Koshihikari (E1E1E2E2 e3e3 SeleSele), Nipponbare(E1E1e2e2...In this paper, the genotype of heading time in Nanjing 11, an indica variety, was analyzed by crossing with tester varieties, Akihikari (e1e1e2e2e3e3SeleSele), Koshihikari (E1E1E2E2 e3e3 SeleSele), Nipponbare(E1E1e2e2e3e3Se1Se1 )and HinohikarKEjE^ E2E2 e3e3 SelSel), of which the genotypes of heading time were well known. The results showed genotype of heading time in Nanjing 11 was E1E1 e2e2 E3E3 SelSel and also included a recessive inhibitor i-Sel for photoperiod-sensitivity as well. Meanwhile, the two photoperiod-sensitive genes, E1 and Sel, in Nanjing 11 were also identified by crossing with QTL nearly isogenic lines of Nipponbare, NIL(Hdl )and NIL(Hd4)which have complementary effects.展开更多
以地被菊(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)'七月桃花'为材料,利用同源基因克隆法结合RACE技术克隆了光周期调控开花重要基因FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)的类似基因(基因登陆号GQ925916,命名为CmFT)。该基因开放阅读框有525bp,可编...以地被菊(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)'七月桃花'为材料,利用同源基因克隆法结合RACE技术克隆了光周期调控开花重要基因FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)的类似基因(基因登陆号GQ925916,命名为CmFT)。该基因开放阅读框有525bp,可编码174个氨基酸。蛋白比对发现,CmFT所推测的氨基酸序列包含FT类蛋白保守基序和两个关键性氨基酸残基。通过系统遗传进化树分析进一步表明CmFT属于FT亚家族成员。SYBR GREEN法实时荧光定量RT-PCR表达分析结果表明CmFT在花芽的表达量最高,茎的表达量次之,叶片表达量最低。在短日条件下,该基因的表达量呈昼夜节律表达型,在光照期间呈下降趋势,在夜间逐渐上升,光照前4h时达到最高水平。在长日条件下,其相对表达量显著低于短日条件下且趋于零。由此推测,该基因主要与菊花光周期敏感性密切相关,可能在光周期促进开花中发挥一定的作用。展开更多
The control of flowering is not only important for reproduction, but also plays a key role in the processes of domestication and adaptation. To reveal the genetic architecture for flowering time and photoperiod sensit...The control of flowering is not only important for reproduction, but also plays a key role in the processes of domestication and adaptation. To reveal the genetic architecture for flowering time and photoperiod sensitivity, a comprehensive evaluation of the relevant literature was performed and followed by meta analysis. A total of 25 synthetic con- sensus quantitative trait loci （QTL） and four hot-spot genomic regions were identified for photoperiod sensitivity including 11 genes related to photoperiod response or flower morphogenesis and development. Besides, a comparative analysis of the QTL for flowering time and photoperiod sensitivity highlighted the regions containing shared and unique QTL for the two traits. Candidate genes associated with maize flowering were identified through integrated analysis of the homologous genes for flowering time in plants and the consensus QTL regions for photoperiod sensitivity in maize （Zea mays L.）. Our results suggest that the combination of literature review, meta-analysis and homologous blast is an efficient approach to identify new candidate genes and create a global view of the genetic architecture for maize photoperiodic flowering. Sequences of candidate genes can be used to develop molecular markers for various models of marker-assisted selection, such as marker-assisted recurrent selection and genomic selection that can contribute significantly to crop environmental adaptation.展开更多
There are 41 members of the CCT（CO, CO-like, and TOC1） domain-containing gene family in rice, which are divided into three subfamilies： COL（CONSTANS-like）, CMF（CCT motif family）, and PRR（pseudoresponse regula...There are 41 members of the CCT（CO, CO-like, and TOC1） domain-containing gene family in rice, which are divided into three subfamilies： COL（CONSTANS-like）, CMF（CCT motif family）, and PRR（pseudoresponse regulator）. The first flowering gene to be isolated by map-based cloning, Heading date 1（Hd1）, which is the orthologue of CO in rice, belongs to COL. The central regulator of plant development, Ghd7, belongs to CMF. The major role in controlling rice distribution to high latitudes, Ghd7.1/PRR37, belongs to PRR. Both of Hd1, Ghd7 and Ghd7.1 simultaneously control grain number, plant height, and the heading date. To date, 13 CCT family genes from these three subfamilies have been shown to regulate flowering. Some of them have pleiotropic effects on grain yield, plant height, and abiotic stresses, and others function as circadian oscillators. There are two independent photoperiod flowering pathways that are mediated by GI-Hd1-Hd3 a/RFT and GI-Ehd1-Hd3 a/RFT in rice. CCT family genes are involved in both pathways. The latest study reveals that protein interaction between Hd1 and Ghd7 integrates the two pathways. CCT family genes are rich in natural variation because rice cultivars have been subjected to natural and artificial selection for different day lengths in the process of domestication and improvement. Alleles of several crucial CCT family genes such as Hd1, Ghd7, and Ghd7.1 exhibit geographic distribution patterns and are highly associated with yield potentials. In addition, CCT family genes are probably involved in the responses to abiotic stress, which should be emphasized in future work. In general, CCT family genes play important roles in regulating flowering, plant growth, and grain yield. The functional identification and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of CCT family genes would help construct a flowering regulatory network and maximize their contribution to rice production.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Programof China (2006AA100101,2006BAD01A01-5 and 2006BAD13B01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30871497)+2 种基金Jiangsu Scienceand Technology Development Program (BG2006301)Jiangsu Agricultural Germplasm Gene Pool Program (sx(2008)g08)the 111 Project (B08025)
文摘There are generally four recognized classes of japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley. The geographical distribution of the four classes is latitude-dependent. Variation for heading date （HD） among 29 japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley and belonging to the four classes was characterized, and their sensitivity to variations in photoperiod and temperature was analyzed. All of the cultivars were sensitive to both photoperiod and temperature. A regression analysis showed that HD is closely correlated with photoperiod sensitivity （PS）. The PS of the four classes increased gradually from the medium maturing middle （MMM） types, through the late maturing middle （LMM） and early maturing late （EML） types to the medium maturing late （MML） types. Crosses with tester lines established that almost all of the cultivars carry the dominant early-heading allele at Ef-1, the photoperiod insensitive allele e2 and the PS alleles E1 or E1^t. Most of the MMM, LMM and MML types carry the insensitive allele e3, while EML types have either E3 or E3^t. At Se-1, MMM and LMM types have Se-1^e, some EML types have Se-1^e and others Se-1^n, while the MML types are mostly Se-fn. The PS of some MMM, LMM and EML types is reduced by the presence of hd2. These results show that the distribution of the four rice cultivar classes from high latitude to low latitude regions depended on a gradual increase in PS, which is mainly determined by its HD genotypes.
文摘In this paper, the genotype of heading time in Nanjing 11, an indica variety, was analyzed by crossing with tester varieties, Akihikari (e1e1e2e2e3e3SeleSele), Koshihikari (E1E1E2E2 e3e3 SeleSele), Nipponbare(E1E1e2e2e3e3Se1Se1 )and HinohikarKEjE^ E2E2 e3e3 SelSel), of which the genotypes of heading time were well known. The results showed genotype of heading time in Nanjing 11 was E1E1 e2e2 E3E3 SelSel and also included a recessive inhibitor i-Sel for photoperiod-sensitivity as well. Meanwhile, the two photoperiod-sensitive genes, E1 and Sel, in Nanjing 11 were also identified by crossing with QTL nearly isogenic lines of Nipponbare, NIL(Hdl )and NIL(Hd4)which have complementary effects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31101162)Research Fund of Young Scholars for the Doctoral Program,Ministry of Education,China(20115103120001)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2012AA101104)
文摘The control of flowering is not only important for reproduction, but also plays a key role in the processes of domestication and adaptation. To reveal the genetic architecture for flowering time and photoperiod sensitivity, a comprehensive evaluation of the relevant literature was performed and followed by meta analysis. A total of 25 synthetic con- sensus quantitative trait loci （QTL） and four hot-spot genomic regions were identified for photoperiod sensitivity including 11 genes related to photoperiod response or flower morphogenesis and development. Besides, a comparative analysis of the QTL for flowering time and photoperiod sensitivity highlighted the regions containing shared and unique QTL for the two traits. Candidate genes associated with maize flowering were identified through integrated analysis of the homologous genes for flowering time in plants and the consensus QTL regions for photoperiod sensitivity in maize （Zea mays L.）. Our results suggest that the combination of literature review, meta-analysis and homologous blast is an efficient approach to identify new candidate genes and create a global view of the genetic architecture for maize photoperiodic flowering. Sequences of candidate genes can be used to develop molecular markers for various models of marker-assisted selection, such as marker-assisted recurrent selection and genomic selection that can contribute significantly to crop environmental adaptation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0100301)
文摘There are 41 members of the CCT（CO, CO-like, and TOC1） domain-containing gene family in rice, which are divided into three subfamilies： COL（CONSTANS-like）, CMF（CCT motif family）, and PRR（pseudoresponse regulator）. The first flowering gene to be isolated by map-based cloning, Heading date 1（Hd1）, which is the orthologue of CO in rice, belongs to COL. The central regulator of plant development, Ghd7, belongs to CMF. The major role in controlling rice distribution to high latitudes, Ghd7.1/PRR37, belongs to PRR. Both of Hd1, Ghd7 and Ghd7.1 simultaneously control grain number, plant height, and the heading date. To date, 13 CCT family genes from these three subfamilies have been shown to regulate flowering. Some of them have pleiotropic effects on grain yield, plant height, and abiotic stresses, and others function as circadian oscillators. There are two independent photoperiod flowering pathways that are mediated by GI-Hd1-Hd3 a/RFT and GI-Ehd1-Hd3 a/RFT in rice. CCT family genes are involved in both pathways. The latest study reveals that protein interaction between Hd1 and Ghd7 integrates the two pathways. CCT family genes are rich in natural variation because rice cultivars have been subjected to natural and artificial selection for different day lengths in the process of domestication and improvement. Alleles of several crucial CCT family genes such as Hd1, Ghd7, and Ghd7.1 exhibit geographic distribution patterns and are highly associated with yield potentials. In addition, CCT family genes are probably involved in the responses to abiotic stress, which should be emphasized in future work. In general, CCT family genes play important roles in regulating flowering, plant growth, and grain yield. The functional identification and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of CCT family genes would help construct a flowering regulatory network and maximize their contribution to rice production.
