Reasons are given for a Doppler shift on the number of observed (sensed) photons in a light beam not just a shift in frequency, also a similar (non-relativistic) effect on the number of observed (sensed) particles (wi...Reasons are given for a Doppler shift on the number of observed (sensed) photons in a light beam not just a shift in frequency, also a similar (non-relativistic) effect on the number of observed (sensed) particles (with non-zero rest mass) in a particle beam. Optics texts have neither effect.展开更多
We have investigated the intensity squeezing of superposition of two photon-added coherent states and proposed a new method for preparation of photon-added coherent states and their superposition states.This method is...We have investigated the intensity squeezing of superposition of two photon-added coherent states and proposed a new method for preparation of photon-added coherent states and their superposition states.This method is based on interaction of the trapped ion with the traveling wave light fields with different frequencies.展开更多
Hydroponic farming is a viable and economical farming method,which can produce safe and healthy greens and vegetables conveniently and at a relatively low cost.It is essential to provide supplemental lighting for crop...Hydroponic farming is a viable and economical farming method,which can produce safe and healthy greens and vegetables conveniently and at a relatively low cost.It is essential to provide supplemental lighting for crops grown in greenhouses to meet the daily light requirement,Daily Light Integral(DLI).The present paper investigates how effectively and efficiently LEDs can be used as a light source in hydroponics.It is important for a hydroponic grower to assess the requirement of photo synthetically active radiation(PAR)or the Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density(PPFD),in a greenhouse,and adjust the quality and quantity of supplemental lighting accordingly.A Quantum sensor(or PAR sensor)can measure PAR more accurately than a digital light meter,which measures the light intensity or illuminance in the SI unit Lux,but a PAR sensor is relatively expensive and normally not affordable by an ordinary farmer.Therefore,based on the present investigation and experimental results,a very simple way to convert light intensity measured with a Lux meter into PAR is proposed,using a simple conversion factor(41.75 according to the present work).This allows a small-scale hydroponic farmer to use a simple and inexpensive technique to assess the day to day DLI values of PAR in a greenhouse accurately using just an inexpensive light meter.The present paper also proposes a more efficient way of using LED light panels in a hydroponic system.By moving the LED light panels closer to the crop,LED light source can use a fewer number of LEDs to produce the same required daily light requirement and can increase the efficiency of the power usage to more than 80%.Specifically,the present work has determined that it is important to design more efficient vertically movable LED light panels with capabilities of switching individual LEDs on and off,for the use in greenhouses.This allows a user to control the number of LEDs that can be lit at a particular time,as required.By doing so it is possible to increase the efficiency of a LED lighting system 展开更多
Protons interact with human tissue differently than do photons and these differences can be exploited in an attempt to improve the care of lung cancer patients. This review examines proton beam therapy(PBT) as a compo...Protons interact with human tissue differently than do photons and these differences can be exploited in an attempt to improve the care of lung cancer patients. This review examines proton beam therapy(PBT) as a component of a combined modality program for locally advanced lung cancers. It was specifically written for the non-radiation oncologist who desires greater understanding of this newer treatment modality. This review describes and compares photon(X-ray) radiotherapy(XRT) to PBT. The physical differences of these beams are described and the clinical literature is reviewed. Protons can be used to create treatment plans delivering significantly lower doses of radiation to the adjacent organs at risk(lungs, esophagus, and bone marrow) than photons. Clinically, PBT combined with chemotherapy has resulted in low rates of toxicity comparedto XRT. Early results suggest a possible improvement in survival. The clinical results of proton therapy in lung cancer patients reveal relatively low rates of toxicity and possible survival benefits. One randomized study is being performed and another is planned to clarify the clinical differences in patient outcome for PBT compared to XRT. Along with the development of better systemic therapy, newer forms of radiotherapy such as PBT should positively impact the care of lung cancer patients. This review provides the reader with the current status of this new technology in treating locally advanced lung cancer.展开更多
文摘Reasons are given for a Doppler shift on the number of observed (sensed) photons in a light beam not just a shift in frequency, also a similar (non-relativistic) effect on the number of observed (sensed) particles (with non-zero rest mass) in a particle beam. Optics texts have neither effect.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province under Grant No. 090412060
文摘We have investigated the intensity squeezing of superposition of two photon-added coherent states and proposed a new method for preparation of photon-added coherent states and their superposition states.This method is based on interaction of the trapped ion with the traveling wave light fields with different frequencies.
文摘Hydroponic farming is a viable and economical farming method,which can produce safe and healthy greens and vegetables conveniently and at a relatively low cost.It is essential to provide supplemental lighting for crops grown in greenhouses to meet the daily light requirement,Daily Light Integral(DLI).The present paper investigates how effectively and efficiently LEDs can be used as a light source in hydroponics.It is important for a hydroponic grower to assess the requirement of photo synthetically active radiation(PAR)or the Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density(PPFD),in a greenhouse,and adjust the quality and quantity of supplemental lighting accordingly.A Quantum sensor(or PAR sensor)can measure PAR more accurately than a digital light meter,which measures the light intensity or illuminance in the SI unit Lux,but a PAR sensor is relatively expensive and normally not affordable by an ordinary farmer.Therefore,based on the present investigation and experimental results,a very simple way to convert light intensity measured with a Lux meter into PAR is proposed,using a simple conversion factor(41.75 according to the present work).This allows a small-scale hydroponic farmer to use a simple and inexpensive technique to assess the day to day DLI values of PAR in a greenhouse accurately using just an inexpensive light meter.The present paper also proposes a more efficient way of using LED light panels in a hydroponic system.By moving the LED light panels closer to the crop,LED light source can use a fewer number of LEDs to produce the same required daily light requirement and can increase the efficiency of the power usage to more than 80%.Specifically,the present work has determined that it is important to design more efficient vertically movable LED light panels with capabilities of switching individual LEDs on and off,for the use in greenhouses.This allows a user to control the number of LEDs that can be lit at a particular time,as required.By doing so it is possible to increase the efficiency of a LED lighting system
基金Supported by Mayo Clinic provided the authors the time to write this manuscript.Conflict of Interest Statement:None of the authors has a conflict of interest regarding this manuscript
文摘Protons interact with human tissue differently than do photons and these differences can be exploited in an attempt to improve the care of lung cancer patients. This review examines proton beam therapy(PBT) as a component of a combined modality program for locally advanced lung cancers. It was specifically written for the non-radiation oncologist who desires greater understanding of this newer treatment modality. This review describes and compares photon(X-ray) radiotherapy(XRT) to PBT. The physical differences of these beams are described and the clinical literature is reviewed. Protons can be used to create treatment plans delivering significantly lower doses of radiation to the adjacent organs at risk(lungs, esophagus, and bone marrow) than photons. Clinically, PBT combined with chemotherapy has resulted in low rates of toxicity comparedto XRT. Early results suggest a possible improvement in survival. The clinical results of proton therapy in lung cancer patients reveal relatively low rates of toxicity and possible survival benefits. One randomized study is being performed and another is planned to clarify the clinical differences in patient outcome for PBT compared to XRT. Along with the development of better systemic therapy, newer forms of radiotherapy such as PBT should positively impact the care of lung cancer patients. This review provides the reader with the current status of this new technology in treating locally advanced lung cancer.
