Ozone sensitivity was investigated using CAMx simulations and photochemical indicator ratios at three sites （Pingtung City, Chao-Chou Town, and Kenting Town） in Pingtung County in southern Taiwan during 2003 and 200...Ozone sensitivity was investigated using CAMx simulations and photochemical indicator ratios at three sites （Pingtung City, Chao-Chou Town, and Kenting Town） in Pingtung County in southern Taiwan during 2003 and 2004. The CAMx simulations compared fairly well with the hourly concentrations of ozone. Simulation results also showed that Pingtung City was mainly a volatile organic compounds （VOC）-sensitive regime, while Chao-Chou Town was either a VOC-sensitive or a NOx-sensitive regime, depending on the seasons. Measurements of three photochemical indicators （H202, HNO3, and NOy） were conducted, and simulated three transition ranges of H202/HNO3 （0.5-0.8）, O3/HNO3 （10.3-16.2） and O3/NOy （5.7-10.8） were adopted to assess the ozone sensitive regime at the three sites. The results indicated that the three transition ranges yield consistent results with CAMx simulations at most times at Pingtung City. However, both VOC-sensitive and NOx-sensitive regimes were important at the rural site Chao-Chou Town. Kenting Town, a touring site at the southern end of Taiwan, was predominated by a NOx-sensitive regime in four seasons.展开更多
Surface 03 production has a highly nonlinear relationship with its precursors. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of O3-NOx-VOC-sensitivity regimes complicates the control- decision making. In this paper, the indi...Surface 03 production has a highly nonlinear relationship with its precursors. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of O3-NOx-VOC-sensitivity regimes complicates the control- decision making. In this paper, the indicator method was used to establish the relationship between 03 sensitivity and assessment indicators. Six popular ratios indicating ozone-precursor sensitivity, HCHO/NOy, H2O2/ HNO3, O3/NOy, O3/NOz, O3/HNO3, and H2O2/NOz, were evaluated based on the distribution of NOx- and VOC-sensitive regimes. WRF-Chem was used to study a serious ozone episode in fall over the Pearl River Delta （PRD）. It was found that the south-west of the PRD is characterized by a VOCsensitive regime, while its north-east is NO y-sensitive, with a sharp transition area between the two regimes. All indicators produced good representations of the elevated ozone hours in the episode on 6 November 2009, with H202/HNO3 being the best indicator. The threshold sensitivity levels for HCHO/NOy, H2O2/HNO3, O3/NOy, O3/NOz, O3/HNO3, and H2O2/NOz were estimated to be 0.41, 0.55, 10.2, 14.0, 19.1, and 0.38, respectively. Threshold intervals for the indicators H2O2/HNO3, O3/ NOy, O3/NOz, O3/HNO3, and H202/NOz were able to identify more than 95% of VOC- and NOx-sensitive grids. The ozone episode on 16 November 16 2008 was used to independently verify the results, and it was found that only H2O2/HNO3 and H2O2/NOz were able to differentiate the ozone sensitivity regime well. Hence, these two ratios are suggested as the most appropriate indicators for identifying fall ozone sensitivity in the PRD. Since the species used for indicators have seasonal variation, the utility of those indicators for other seasons should be investigated in the future work.展开更多
光化学植被指数(PRI)被成功的应用于估算不同叶片生化组分的光能利用率(LUE),这些生化组分包括叶片含水量、氮元素浓度等。以往的研究中已经成功建立了叶片、冠层和景观尺度PRI和LUE的相关关系。但是,为了利用PRI更加准确地估算叶片LUE...光化学植被指数(PRI)被成功的应用于估算不同叶片生化组分的光能利用率(LUE),这些生化组分包括叶片含水量、氮元素浓度等。以往的研究中已经成功建立了叶片、冠层和景观尺度PRI和LUE的相关关系。但是,为了利用PRI更加准确地估算叶片LUE,很多问题仍然亟需解决,比如当LUE高于0.03mol CO2 mol-1PPFD(photosynthetic photon flux density),PRI会出现一个明显的饱和区域以及PRI和LUE关系会随季节发生较大变化。文章对PRI进行了修正,并基于PROSPECT模型对这一修正形式进行了4个参数的敏感性分析。分析结果表明,叶片SR-PRI(Simple ratio PRI)对叶肉结构参数(N)、叶绿素浓度(cab)敏感性要高于叶片的等效水厚(cw)和干物质浓度(cm)。因此叶肉结构参数(N)和叶绿素浓度(cab)的微小变化都会造成SR-PRI的较大变化,进而影响到LUE的估算精度。对SR-PRI的实证实验表明,这一指数也能够很好地用来估算叶片的光能利用率并且结果要优于PRI和LUE之间的相关关系。SR-PRI最重要的一方面在于其更清晰的物理意义和对531nm处反射率变化的敏感性,因为这一波段位置的反射率变化是评价光能利用率的核心参数。展开更多
基金supported by the Environmental Protection Bureau,Government of Pingtung County,Taiwan,China
文摘Ozone sensitivity was investigated using CAMx simulations and photochemical indicator ratios at three sites （Pingtung City, Chao-Chou Town, and Kenting Town） in Pingtung County in southern Taiwan during 2003 and 2004. The CAMx simulations compared fairly well with the hourly concentrations of ozone. Simulation results also showed that Pingtung City was mainly a volatile organic compounds （VOC）-sensitive regime, while Chao-Chou Town was either a VOC-sensitive or a NOx-sensitive regime, depending on the seasons. Measurements of three photochemical indicators （H202, HNO3, and NOy） were conducted, and simulated three transition ranges of H202/HNO3 （0.5-0.8）, O3/HNO3 （10.3-16.2） and O3/NOy （5.7-10.8） were adopted to assess the ozone sensitive regime at the three sites. The results indicated that the three transition ranges yield consistent results with CAMx simulations at most times at Pingtung City. However, both VOC-sensitive and NOx-sensitive regimes were important at the rural site Chao-Chou Town. Kenting Town, a touring site at the southern end of Taiwan, was predominated by a NOx-sensitive regime in four seasons.
基金Acknowledgements Financial supports from the Special Fund for Meteorological-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China （No. GYHY201406031）, National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars （No. 41425020）, National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China （Grant No. 2014BAC21B02）, Foshan Environmental Protection Bureau Project （GDJAFS 2015046G） are gratefully acknowledged by the authors. We acknowledge Special Program for Applied Research on Super Computation of the NSFC-Guangdong Joint Fund （the second phase） and National Supercomputing Center in Guangzhou （NSCC-GZ）. At the same time, we are grateful for Guangzhou Meteorological Service for the Meteorological data, and Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring for air quality observational data.
文摘Surface 03 production has a highly nonlinear relationship with its precursors. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of O3-NOx-VOC-sensitivity regimes complicates the control- decision making. In this paper, the indicator method was used to establish the relationship between 03 sensitivity and assessment indicators. Six popular ratios indicating ozone-precursor sensitivity, HCHO/NOy, H2O2/ HNO3, O3/NOy, O3/NOz, O3/HNO3, and H2O2/NOz, were evaluated based on the distribution of NOx- and VOC-sensitive regimes. WRF-Chem was used to study a serious ozone episode in fall over the Pearl River Delta （PRD）. It was found that the south-west of the PRD is characterized by a VOCsensitive regime, while its north-east is NO y-sensitive, with a sharp transition area between the two regimes. All indicators produced good representations of the elevated ozone hours in the episode on 6 November 2009, with H202/HNO3 being the best indicator. The threshold sensitivity levels for HCHO/NOy, H2O2/HNO3, O3/NOy, O3/NOz, O3/HNO3, and H2O2/NOz were estimated to be 0.41, 0.55, 10.2, 14.0, 19.1, and 0.38, respectively. Threshold intervals for the indicators H2O2/HNO3, O3/ NOy, O3/NOz, O3/HNO3, and H202/NOz were able to identify more than 95% of VOC- and NOx-sensitive grids. The ozone episode on 16 November 16 2008 was used to independently verify the results, and it was found that only H2O2/HNO3 and H2O2/NOz were able to differentiate the ozone sensitivity regime well. Hence, these two ratios are suggested as the most appropriate indicators for identifying fall ozone sensitivity in the PRD. Since the species used for indicators have seasonal variation, the utility of those indicators for other seasons should be investigated in the future work.
文摘光化学植被指数(PRI)被成功的应用于估算不同叶片生化组分的光能利用率(LUE),这些生化组分包括叶片含水量、氮元素浓度等。以往的研究中已经成功建立了叶片、冠层和景观尺度PRI和LUE的相关关系。但是,为了利用PRI更加准确地估算叶片LUE,很多问题仍然亟需解决,比如当LUE高于0.03mol CO2 mol-1PPFD(photosynthetic photon flux density),PRI会出现一个明显的饱和区域以及PRI和LUE关系会随季节发生较大变化。文章对PRI进行了修正,并基于PROSPECT模型对这一修正形式进行了4个参数的敏感性分析。分析结果表明,叶片SR-PRI(Simple ratio PRI)对叶肉结构参数(N)、叶绿素浓度(cab)敏感性要高于叶片的等效水厚(cw)和干物质浓度(cm)。因此叶肉结构参数(N)和叶绿素浓度(cab)的微小变化都会造成SR-PRI的较大变化,进而影响到LUE的估算精度。对SR-PRI的实证实验表明,这一指数也能够很好地用来估算叶片的光能利用率并且结果要优于PRI和LUE之间的相关关系。SR-PRI最重要的一方面在于其更清晰的物理意义和对531nm处反射率变化的敏感性,因为这一波段位置的反射率变化是评价光能利用率的核心参数。
文摘通过光化学合成方法分别在高温(50℃)和室温(28℃)下实现了N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAA)和N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAm)的交联共聚,制备了两种不同结构的P(DMAA-co-NIPAm)共聚物水凝胶.对两种温度下制备的P(DMAA-co-NIPAm)共聚物水凝胶的网络结构、溶胀与消溶胀速率和温度敏感性等方面进行了比较研究.结果发现,50℃下制备的P(DMAA-co-NIPAm)共聚物凝胶具有较为疏松的网络结构和相对较快的溶胀速率及温度响应特性.光化学合成方法较传统的热聚合制备方法具有简便、快捷的特点,合成过程仅需2 min.
