To analyze features of the rabies epidemic in China between 2007 and 2011, identify factors influencing the epidemic and to provide a scientific basis for further control and prevention of rabies, Descriptive epidemio...To analyze features of the rabies epidemic in China between 2007 and 2011, identify factors influencing the epidemic and to provide a scientific basis for further control and prevention of rabies, Descriptive epidemiological methods and statistical analysis was used on data collected from the National Disease Reporting Information System between 2007 to 2011 and the National Active Surveillance System between 2007 and 2010. Our analysis shows that while the number of human rabies cases decreased year by year, the number of districts reporting cases did not show significant change. The situations in Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Hunan provinces clearly improved over the period but they remain provinces with high-incidence, and consequently influence the epidemic situation of surrounding provinces and possibly the whole country. Summer and autumn were high-incidence seasons. Farmers, students and pre-school children represent the high-risk populations, and rates of cases in farmers increased, those for students decreased, and pre-school children remained unchanged. Provinces with active surveillance programs reported a total of 2346 individual cases, of which 88.53% were associated with canines. Postexposure prophylaxis （PEP） of rabies cases was not significantly improved, whereas PEP in post-exposure population was good. In rural regions of China, canine density was reduced somewhat, and the immunization rate increased slightly. Finally we show that while the epidemic decreased 2007 to 2011 in China, cases continued to be diffused in certain regions. Lack of standardization of PEP on rabies eases was the main reason of morbidity. The high density and low immunization of dog in rural areas and the defective situation of PEP are still continuous occurrences in China and remain a cause for concern.展开更多
Although the multiple organellar RNA editing factors （MORFs） in the plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana have been extensively studied, molecular details underlying how MORFs affect plant development in other species, p...Although the multiple organellar RNA editing factors （MORFs） in the plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana have been extensively studied, molecular details underlying how MORFs affect plant development in other species, particularly in rice, remain largely unknown. Here we describe the characterization of wspl, a rice mutant with white-stripe leaves and panicles. Notably, wspl exhibited nearly white immature panicles at the heading stage. Transmission electron microscopy analysis and chlorophyll content measurement re- veale i a chloroplast developmental defect and reduced chlorophyll accumulation in wspl. Positional cloning of WSP1 found a point mutation in OsO4g51280, whose putative product shares high sequence similarity with MORF proteins. Complementation experiments demonstrated that WSP1 was responsible for the variegated phenotypes of wspl. WSP1 is localized to chloroplasts and the point mutation in wspl affected the editing of multiple organellar RNA sites. Owing to the defect in plastid RNA editing, chloroplast ribosome biogenesis and ndhA splicing were also impaired in wspl, which may affect normal chloroplast development in the leaves and panicles at the heading stage. Together, our results demonstrate the importance of rice WSP1 protein in chloroplast development and broaden our knowledge about MORF family members in rice.展开更多
基于云水资源积分推导公式,选取50年的气象站资料研究三江源地区(the Three River Headwaters Region,TRHR)云量与降水时空演变规律及其统计关系,并对降水效率(Precipitation Efficiency,PE)时空特征深入分析,挖掘人工增雨试验潜力.结...基于云水资源积分推导公式,选取50年的气象站资料研究三江源地区(the Three River Headwaters Region,TRHR)云量与降水时空演变规律及其统计关系,并对降水效率(Precipitation Efficiency,PE)时空特征深入分析,挖掘人工增雨试验潜力.结果表明:①总、低云量分别以长江源区的治多、清水河为高值中心向西呈"经向型"分布,向东呈"纬向型"分布.低云量与降水量呈增加趋势且通过了α=0.005显著性检验,总云量呈减少趋势并通过了α=0.01显著性检验;②各源区总、低云量与降水的突变年份不同步.降水年际波动较云量变化大且低云与降水相关性较好.低云量随总云量增加而增加,当总云量增加1.7%时,低云量将增加1%,同期降水增加10mm,年降雨频率最高出现在400mm;③TRHR多年PE空间分布与降水、云量一致,整体表现出自东南向西北方向递减空间分布,PE高、低值区分布在34°N以南和34°N以北.④TRHR多年平均PE为40.3%且增幅变化不大,长江源区西部和黄河源区东北部增雨潜力(Precipitation Enhancement Potential,PEP)最大,最佳开发时间在3~4月和10~11月.展开更多
Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)-based therapies have demonstrated efficacy and safety in treating type 2 diabetes, which shares a similar pathophysiological mechanism with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Rece...Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)-based therapies have demonstrated efficacy and safety in treating type 2 diabetes, which shares a similar pathophysiological mechanism with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Recent studies showed that glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion was decreased in patients with NAFLD and that the level of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, which inactivates intact GLP-1, was upregulated. Moreover, the expression of the GLP-1 receptor was downregulated in livers from patients with NAFLD, indicating an association of defective GLP-1 signalling with NAFLD. Notably, GLP-1-based therapies are reported to be effective in improving hepatic endpoints in patients with NAFLD, such as reducing hepatic fat content, hepatic steatosis and plasma transaminase levels, and preventing fibrosis. GLP-1-based therapies are beneficial for body weight control and glycaemic normalisation, which are important for the management of NAFLD. Moreover, clinical and preclinical studies showed that GLP-1-based agents might directly exert their actions on the liver through activation of functional GLP-1 receptors in hepatocytes.The possible mechanisms involve regulating gene expression that is associated with insulin resistance and lipid metabolism, and suppressing oxidative stress in the liver cells, thus preventing the development and progression of NAFLD. Based on these promising data, large-scale randomised controlled trials are warranted to assess the efficacy and safety of GLP-1-based therapies in treating NAFLD.展开更多
基金National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation(201103032)the Pathogens Network Monitoring Technology Research(2008ZX10004-008)
文摘To analyze features of the rabies epidemic in China between 2007 and 2011, identify factors influencing the epidemic and to provide a scientific basis for further control and prevention of rabies, Descriptive epidemiological methods and statistical analysis was used on data collected from the National Disease Reporting Information System between 2007 to 2011 and the National Active Surveillance System between 2007 and 2010. Our analysis shows that while the number of human rabies cases decreased year by year, the number of districts reporting cases did not show significant change. The situations in Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Hunan provinces clearly improved over the period but they remain provinces with high-incidence, and consequently influence the epidemic situation of surrounding provinces and possibly the whole country. Summer and autumn were high-incidence seasons. Farmers, students and pre-school children represent the high-risk populations, and rates of cases in farmers increased, those for students decreased, and pre-school children remained unchanged. Provinces with active surveillance programs reported a total of 2346 individual cases, of which 88.53% were associated with canines. Postexposure prophylaxis （PEP） of rabies cases was not significantly improved, whereas PEP in post-exposure population was good. In rural regions of China, canine density was reduced somewhat, and the immunization rate increased slightly. Finally we show that while the epidemic decreased 2007 to 2011 in China, cases continued to be diffused in certain regions. Lack of standardization of PEP on rabies eases was the main reason of morbidity. The high density and low immunization of dog in rural areas and the defective situation of PEP are still continuous occurrences in China and remain a cause for concern.
文摘Although the multiple organellar RNA editing factors （MORFs） in the plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana have been extensively studied, molecular details underlying how MORFs affect plant development in other species, particularly in rice, remain largely unknown. Here we describe the characterization of wspl, a rice mutant with white-stripe leaves and panicles. Notably, wspl exhibited nearly white immature panicles at the heading stage. Transmission electron microscopy analysis and chlorophyll content measurement re- veale i a chloroplast developmental defect and reduced chlorophyll accumulation in wspl. Positional cloning of WSP1 found a point mutation in OsO4g51280, whose putative product shares high sequence similarity with MORF proteins. Complementation experiments demonstrated that WSP1 was responsible for the variegated phenotypes of wspl. WSP1 is localized to chloroplasts and the point mutation in wspl affected the editing of multiple organellar RNA sites. Owing to the defect in plastid RNA editing, chloroplast ribosome biogenesis and ndhA splicing were also impaired in wspl, which may affect normal chloroplast development in the leaves and panicles at the heading stage. Together, our results demonstrate the importance of rice WSP1 protein in chloroplast development and broaden our knowledge about MORF family members in rice.
文摘基于云水资源积分推导公式,选取50年的气象站资料研究三江源地区(the Three River Headwaters Region,TRHR)云量与降水时空演变规律及其统计关系,并对降水效率(Precipitation Efficiency,PE)时空特征深入分析,挖掘人工增雨试验潜力.结果表明:①总、低云量分别以长江源区的治多、清水河为高值中心向西呈"经向型"分布,向东呈"纬向型"分布.低云量与降水量呈增加趋势且通过了α=0.005显著性检验,总云量呈减少趋势并通过了α=0.01显著性检验;②各源区总、低云量与降水的突变年份不同步.降水年际波动较云量变化大且低云与降水相关性较好.低云量随总云量增加而增加,当总云量增加1.7%时,低云量将增加1%,同期降水增加10mm,年降雨频率最高出现在400mm;③TRHR多年PE空间分布与降水、云量一致,整体表现出自东南向西北方向递减空间分布,PE高、低值区分布在34°N以南和34°N以北.④TRHR多年平均PE为40.3%且增幅变化不大,长江源区西部和黄河源区东北部增雨潜力(Precipitation Enhancement Potential,PEP)最大,最佳开发时间在3~4月和10~11月.
基金Supported by Chinese National 973 Program No.2012CB517502the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China No.20120001120069
文摘Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)-based therapies have demonstrated efficacy and safety in treating type 2 diabetes, which shares a similar pathophysiological mechanism with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Recent studies showed that glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion was decreased in patients with NAFLD and that the level of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, which inactivates intact GLP-1, was upregulated. Moreover, the expression of the GLP-1 receptor was downregulated in livers from patients with NAFLD, indicating an association of defective GLP-1 signalling with NAFLD. Notably, GLP-1-based therapies are reported to be effective in improving hepatic endpoints in patients with NAFLD, such as reducing hepatic fat content, hepatic steatosis and plasma transaminase levels, and preventing fibrosis. GLP-1-based therapies are beneficial for body weight control and glycaemic normalisation, which are important for the management of NAFLD. Moreover, clinical and preclinical studies showed that GLP-1-based agents might directly exert their actions on the liver through activation of functional GLP-1 receptors in hepatocytes.The possible mechanisms involve regulating gene expression that is associated with insulin resistance and lipid metabolism, and suppressing oxidative stress in the liver cells, thus preventing the development and progression of NAFLD. Based on these promising data, large-scale randomised controlled trials are warranted to assess the efficacy and safety of GLP-1-based therapies in treating NAFLD.
