Since the first case of novel H7N9 infection was reported,China has experienced five epidemics of H7N9.During the fifth wave,a highly pathogenic H7N9 strain emerged.Meanwhile,the H7N9 virus continues to accumulate mut...Since the first case of novel H7N9 infection was reported,China has experienced five epidemics of H7N9.During the fifth wave,a highly pathogenic H7N9 strain emerged.Meanwhile,the H7N9 virus continues to accumulate mutations,and its affinity for the human respiratory epithelial sialic acid 2-6 receptor has increased.Therefore,a pandemic is still possible.In the past 6 years,we have accumulated rich experience in dealing with H7N9,especially in terms of virus tracing,epidemiological research,key site mutation monitoring,critical disease mechanisms,clinical treatment,and vaccine development.In the research fields above,significant progress has been made to effectively control the spread of the epidemic and reduce the fatality rate.To fully document the research progress concerning H7N9,we reviewed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of H7N9,the key gene mutations of the virus,and H7N9 vaccine,thus providing a scientific basis for further monitoring and prevention of H7N9 influenza epidemics.展开更多
Pandemic influenza has posed an increasing threat to public health worldwide in the last decade.In the 20th century,three human pandemic influenza outbreaks occurred in 1918,1957 and 1968,causing significant mortality...Pandemic influenza has posed an increasing threat to public health worldwide in the last decade.In the 20th century,three human pandemic influenza outbreaks occurred in 1918,1957 and 1968,causing significant mortality.A number of hypotheses have been proposed for the emergence and development of pandemic viruses,including direct introduction into humans from an avian origin and reassortment between avian and previously circulating human viruses,either directly in humans or via an intermediate mammalian host.However,the evolutionary history of the pandemic viruses has been controversial,largely due to the lack of background genetic information and rigorous phylogenetic analyses.The pandemic that emerged in early April 2009 in North America provides a unique opportunity to investigate its emergence and development both in human and animal aspects.Recent genetic analyses of data accumulated through long-term influenza surveillance provided insights into the emergence of this novel pandemic virus.In this review,we summarise the recent literature that describes the evolutionary pathway of the pandemic viruses.We also discuss the implications of these findings on the early detection and control of future pandemics.展开更多
Avian influenza A H5N1 remains the most threatening virus that may cause another devastating pandemic in the foreseeable future. In 1997, Hong Kong was the first place to detect human infections due to this virus orig...Avian influenza A H5N1 remains the most threatening virus that may cause another devastating pandemic in the foreseeable future. In 1997, Hong Kong was the first place to detect human infections due to this virus originated from birds. The experience and lessons learnt provide important information for controlling further outbreaks caused by avian influenza viruses.展开更多
The NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 proteins of influenza viruses together are responsible for the transcription and replication of viral RNA, and the latter three proteins comprise the viral polymerase. Two recent reports indic...The NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 proteins of influenza viruses together are responsible for the transcription and replication of viral RNA, and the latter three proteins comprise the viral polymerase. Two recent reports indicated that the mutation at site 627 of PB2 plays a key role in host range and increased virulence of influenza viruses, and could be compensated by multiple mutations at other sites of PB2, suggesting the association of this mutation with those at other sites. The objective of this study was to analyze the co-mutated sites within and between these important proteins of influenza. With mutual information, a set of statistically significant co- mutated position pairs (P value = 0) in NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 of avian, human, pandemic 2009 H1N1, and swine influenza were identified, based on which several highly connected networks of correlated sites in NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 were discovered. These correlation networks further illustrated the inner functional dependence of the four proteins that are critical for host adaptation and pathogenicity. Mutual information was also applied to quantify the correlation of sites within each individual protein and between proteins. In general, the inter protein correlation of the four proteins was stronger than the intra protein correlation. Finally, the correlation patterns of the four proteins of pandemic 2009 H1N1 were found to be closer to those of avian and human than to swine influenza, thus rendering a novel insight into the interaction of the four proteins of the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus when compared to avian, human, and swine influenza and how the origin of these four proteins might affect the correlation patterns uncovered in this analysis.展开更多
Forecasting future outbreaks can help in minimizing their spread.Influenza is a disease primarily found in animals but transferred to humans through pigs.In 1918,influenza became a pandemic and spread rapidly all over...Forecasting future outbreaks can help in minimizing their spread.Influenza is a disease primarily found in animals but transferred to humans through pigs.In 1918,influenza became a pandemic and spread rapidly all over the world becoming the cause behind killing one-third of the human population and killing one-fourth of the pig population.Afterwards,that influenza became a pandemic several times on a local and global levels.In 2009,influenza‘A’subtype H1N1 again took many human lives.The disease spread like in a pandemic quickly.This paper proposes a forecasting modeling system for the influenza pandemic using a feed-forward propagation neural network(MSDII-FFNN).This model helps us predict the outbreak,and determines which type of influenza becomes a pandemic,as well as which geographical area is infected.Data collection for the model is done by using IoT devices.This model is divided into 2 phases:The training phase and the validation phase,both being connected through the cloud.In the training phase,the model is trained using FFNN and is updated on the cloud.In the validation phase,whenever the input is submitted through the IoT devices,the system model is updated through the cloud and predicts the pandemic alert.In our dataset,the data is divided into an 85%training ratio and a 15%validation ratio.By applying the proposed model to our dataset,the predicted output precision is 90%.展开更多
Seasonal influenza is a highly contagious, acute respiratory illness that affects people of all ages. The major pathogens, influenza A viruses, are classified into serologically defined antigenic subtypes of the hemag...Seasonal influenza is a highly contagious, acute respiratory illness that affects people of all ages. The major pathogens, influenza A viruses, are classified into serologically defined antigenic subtypes of the hemagglutinin （HA） and neuraminidase （NA）. Of 16 identified HA and 9 NA subtypes, only H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes are now circulating among humans. Influenza vaccines have been available for over 60 years and well proven to be an effective public health intervention to control seasonal influenza epidemics. Seasonal influenza vaccines presently available, inactivated or split, contain the circulating strains of influenza A virus H3N2, H1N1 and influenza B virus. The composition of the vaccine is renewed semi-annually, as necessary, based on surveillance data.展开更多
Objective: To report the i ndings of inl uenza surveillance programme from Union territory of Puducherry and to document the clinical and epidemiological data of inl uenza viruses over a i ve year period from 2009-201...Objective: To report the i ndings of inl uenza surveillance programme from Union territory of Puducherry and to document the clinical and epidemiological data of inl uenza viruses over a i ve year period from 2009-2013. Methods: Respiratory samples were collected from patients with influenza-like illness from 2009-2013 as part of routine diagnostic and surveillance activity. Detection of pandemic inl uenza A(H1N1) 2009, inl uenza A(H3N2) and inl uenza B was done using Real-time PCR. Results: Of the total 2 247 samples collected from patients with inl uenza-like illness during the study period 287(12.7%) and 92(4.0%) were positive for inl uenza A(H1N1) 2009 and inl uenza A(H3N2) respectively. A subset of 557 of these samples were also tested for inl uenza B and 24(4.3%) were positive. Signii cantly higher positivity rate for both viruses was observed in adults when compared with children. The peak positivity of influenza A(H1N1) 2009 was observed in 2009 followed by 2012, while that of inl uenza A(H3N2) was more uniformly distributed with the exception of 2012. Overall mortality rate due to influenza A(H1N1) 2009 was 7.6% while it was 1% for influenza A(H3N2). Each year influenza-like illness and influenza virus activity coincided with period of high rainfall and low temperature except in the first half of 2012. Conclusions: As the sole referral laboratory in this region, the data provides a comprehensive picture of inl uenza activity. This information will be useful in future planning of the vaccine schedule and inl uenza pandemic preparedness.展开更多
基金supported by the State Project of Essential Drug Research and Development(No.2015ZX09101044).
文摘Since the first case of novel H7N9 infection was reported,China has experienced five epidemics of H7N9.During the fifth wave,a highly pathogenic H7N9 strain emerged.Meanwhile,the H7N9 virus continues to accumulate mutations,and its affinity for the human respiratory epithelial sialic acid 2-6 receptor has increased.Therefore,a pandemic is still possible.In the past 6 years,we have accumulated rich experience in dealing with H7N9,especially in terms of virus tracing,epidemiological research,key site mutation monitoring,critical disease mechanisms,clinical treatment,and vaccine development.In the research fields above,significant progress has been made to effectively control the spread of the epidemic and reduce the fatality rate.To fully document the research progress concerning H7N9,we reviewed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of H7N9,the key gene mutations of the virus,and H7N9 vaccine,thus providing a scientific basis for further monitoring and prevention of H7N9 influenza epidemics.
基金This study was supported by Li Ka Shing Foundation,the Area of Excellence Scheme of the University Grants Committee of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government(grant AoE/M-12/06)the National Institutes of Health(NIH,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases contract HSN266200700005C).
文摘Pandemic influenza has posed an increasing threat to public health worldwide in the last decade.In the 20th century,three human pandemic influenza outbreaks occurred in 1918,1957 and 1968,causing significant mortality.A number of hypotheses have been proposed for the emergence and development of pandemic viruses,including direct introduction into humans from an avian origin and reassortment between avian and previously circulating human viruses,either directly in humans or via an intermediate mammalian host.However,the evolutionary history of the pandemic viruses has been controversial,largely due to the lack of background genetic information and rigorous phylogenetic analyses.The pandemic that emerged in early April 2009 in North America provides a unique opportunity to investigate its emergence and development both in human and animal aspects.Recent genetic analyses of data accumulated through long-term influenza surveillance provided insights into the emergence of this novel pandemic virus.In this review,we summarise the recent literature that describes the evolutionary pathway of the pandemic viruses.We also discuss the implications of these findings on the early detection and control of future pandemics.
文摘Avian influenza A H5N1 remains the most threatening virus that may cause another devastating pandemic in the foreseeable future. In 1997, Hong Kong was the first place to detect human infections due to this virus originated from birds. The experience and lessons learnt provide important information for controlling further outbreaks caused by avian influenza viruses.
文摘The NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 proteins of influenza viruses together are responsible for the transcription and replication of viral RNA, and the latter three proteins comprise the viral polymerase. Two recent reports indicated that the mutation at site 627 of PB2 plays a key role in host range and increased virulence of influenza viruses, and could be compensated by multiple mutations at other sites of PB2, suggesting the association of this mutation with those at other sites. The objective of this study was to analyze the co-mutated sites within and between these important proteins of influenza. With mutual information, a set of statistically significant co- mutated position pairs (P value = 0) in NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 of avian, human, pandemic 2009 H1N1, and swine influenza were identified, based on which several highly connected networks of correlated sites in NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 were discovered. These correlation networks further illustrated the inner functional dependence of the four proteins that are critical for host adaptation and pathogenicity. Mutual information was also applied to quantify the correlation of sites within each individual protein and between proteins. In general, the inter protein correlation of the four proteins was stronger than the intra protein correlation. Finally, the correlation patterns of the four proteins of pandemic 2009 H1N1 were found to be closer to those of avian and human than to swine influenza, thus rendering a novel insight into the interaction of the four proteins of the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus when compared to avian, human, and swine influenza and how the origin of these four proteins might affect the correlation patterns uncovered in this analysis.
基金Data and Artificial Intelligence Scientific Chair at UmmAlQura University.
文摘Forecasting future outbreaks can help in minimizing their spread.Influenza is a disease primarily found in animals but transferred to humans through pigs.In 1918,influenza became a pandemic and spread rapidly all over the world becoming the cause behind killing one-third of the human population and killing one-fourth of the pig population.Afterwards,that influenza became a pandemic several times on a local and global levels.In 2009,influenza‘A’subtype H1N1 again took many human lives.The disease spread like in a pandemic quickly.This paper proposes a forecasting modeling system for the influenza pandemic using a feed-forward propagation neural network(MSDII-FFNN).This model helps us predict the outbreak,and determines which type of influenza becomes a pandemic,as well as which geographical area is infected.Data collection for the model is done by using IoT devices.This model is divided into 2 phases:The training phase and the validation phase,both being connected through the cloud.In the training phase,the model is trained using FFNN and is updated on the cloud.In the validation phase,whenever the input is submitted through the IoT devices,the system model is updated through the cloud and predicts the pandemic alert.In our dataset,the data is divided into an 85%training ratio and a 15%validation ratio.By applying the proposed model to our dataset,the predicted output precision is 90%.
文摘Seasonal influenza is a highly contagious, acute respiratory illness that affects people of all ages. The major pathogens, influenza A viruses, are classified into serologically defined antigenic subtypes of the hemagglutinin （HA） and neuraminidase （NA）. Of 16 identified HA and 9 NA subtypes, only H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes are now circulating among humans. Influenza vaccines have been available for over 60 years and well proven to be an effective public health intervention to control seasonal influenza epidemics. Seasonal influenza vaccines presently available, inactivated or split, contain the circulating strains of influenza A virus H3N2, H1N1 and influenza B virus. The composition of the vaccine is renewed semi-annually, as necessary, based on surveillance data.
基金Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme, New Delhi for financial support
文摘Objective: To report the i ndings of inl uenza surveillance programme from Union territory of Puducherry and to document the clinical and epidemiological data of inl uenza viruses over a i ve year period from 2009-2013. Methods: Respiratory samples were collected from patients with influenza-like illness from 2009-2013 as part of routine diagnostic and surveillance activity. Detection of pandemic inl uenza A(H1N1) 2009, inl uenza A(H3N2) and inl uenza B was done using Real-time PCR. Results: Of the total 2 247 samples collected from patients with inl uenza-like illness during the study period 287(12.7%) and 92(4.0%) were positive for inl uenza A(H1N1) 2009 and inl uenza A(H3N2) respectively. A subset of 557 of these samples were also tested for inl uenza B and 24(4.3%) were positive. Signii cantly higher positivity rate for both viruses was observed in adults when compared with children. The peak positivity of influenza A(H1N1) 2009 was observed in 2009 followed by 2012, while that of inl uenza A(H3N2) was more uniformly distributed with the exception of 2012. Overall mortality rate due to influenza A(H1N1) 2009 was 7.6% while it was 1% for influenza A(H3N2). Each year influenza-like illness and influenza virus activity coincided with period of high rainfall and low temperature except in the first half of 2012. Conclusions: As the sole referral laboratory in this region, the data provides a comprehensive picture of inl uenza activity. This information will be useful in future planning of the vaccine schedule and inl uenza pandemic preparedness.
