Long-term excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer induces secondary salinization of soil,which results in inhibiting plant growth.In addition,soil moisture deficiency also affects plant growth.To investigate the ...Long-term excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer induces secondary salinization of soil,which results in inhibiting plant growth.In addition,soil moisture deficiency also affects plant growth.To investigate the effects of excessive nitrogen fertilizer and soil moisture deficiency on the antioxidant enzyme system,plant water relations analyzed through pressure-volume(P-V)curve,and photosynthetic light response parameters in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.Myoko)seedlings,an indoor experiment of about 50 d was conducted using two irrigation water amounts based on field capacity(soil moisture deficiency:50%-80%;adequate water:70%-80%),two nitrogen fertilizer rates(moderate nitrogen;excessive nitrogen fertilizer:0.585 g/pot)and two types of irrigation water(tap water and microbial diluent).The results showed that excessive nitrogen fertilizer(N)and soil moisture deficiency(W)reduced the biomass of tomato seedlings.In comparison to CK(combination of adequate water and tap water quality),microbial dilution(EM)increased plant biomass by 5.2%.Also,the nitrogen application increased chlorophyll relative contents(SPAD).The maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pc)decreased with nitrogen application and increased with EM application and irrigation amount.Excessive nitrogen application increased the plant nitrate reductase activity(NR).The plant NR in the N treatment showed a 13.0%increase compared to CK,and the plant NR in the treatment of nitrogen application with water deficiency(WN)increased 34.0%compared to water deficiency(W).After applying excessive nitrogen,N,EM-N,WN,EM-WN respectively increased the plant nitrate reductase activity by 13.0%,22.9%,34.0%,and 28.6%,compared with the corresponding treatment with moderate nitrogen(i.e.,CK,EM,W and EM-W).In addition,the activities of antioxidant enzymes[superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)]in four treatments of nitrogen application(N,EM-N,WN,EM-WN)also increased significantly.Both soil moisture and nitrogen fertilizer significantly affect the parameters展开更多
The hypothesis that addition and removal of cryoprotectants to and from spermatozoa would initiate regulatory volume decrease, and lead to osmolyte loss and reduced sperm function, was tested. Common cryoprotectants, ...The hypothesis that addition and removal of cryoprotectants to and from spermatozoa would initiate regulatory volume decrease, and lead to osmolyte loss and reduced sperm function, was tested. Common cryoprotectants, in the absence of freezing and thawing, affected bovine ejaculated spermatozoa by lowering their total and progressive motility in medium, reducing their migration through surrogate cervical mucus, damaging sperm head membranes and inducing sperm tail coiling. Sperm function was slightly better maintained after cryoprotectants were added and removed in multiple small steps rather than in a single step. The intracellular content of the polyol osmolytes, D-sorbitol and myo-inositol, exceeded that of the zwitterion osmolytes, L-carnitine and L-glutamate. Certain cryoprotectants reduced intracellular L-camitine and L-glutamate concentration but not that of myo-inositol or D-sorbitol. Multistep treatments with some cryoprotectants had advantages over one-step treatments in mucus penetration depending on the original amount of intracellular camitine and glutamate in the spermatozoa. Overall, sperm quality was best maintained by multistep treatment with glycerol and propanediols that were associated with decreased intracellular glutamate concentration. Bovine spermatozoa seem to use glutamate to regulate cryoprotectant-induced cell swelling.展开更多
Background and Objective: Anesthesiologists need to be familiar with perioperative changes in blood volume (BV);however, there is no standard method for repeated evaluation of BV over a short interval of time. We eval...Background and Objective: Anesthesiologists need to be familiar with perioperative changes in blood volume (BV);however, there is no standard method for repeated evaluation of BV over a short interval of time. We evaluated BV in the operation room using repeatable estimation methods. Method: Eighty-five ASA physical status I-II patients scheduled to undergo endoscopic urosurgery using irrigation fluid under general anesthesia at Nippon Medical School Hospital were included in this study. Irrigation with 3% sorbitol in water was commenced after establishment of general anesthesia and volumetric fluid balance, which was defined as control water balance (WB). Hematocrit (Hct), colloid osmotic pressure (COP), total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb) were repeatedly determined before and during anesthesia. BV was calculated using Allen’s formula and the changes in Hct, COP, TP and Alb. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome was the accuracy of measuring changes in BV (△BV) calculated using the four serum markers. WB and the estimated △BV calculated from Hct, COP, TP and Alb (△BV-Hct, △BV-COP, △BV-TP, and △BV-Alb) were analysed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient test and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: Sixty-five patients were excluded. In the remaining 20 patients, there was a significant correlation between WB and △BV-COP (R2 = 0.72;P < 0.01), WB and △BV-TP (R2 = 0.59;P △BV-Alb (R2 = 0.57;P △BV-Hct (R2 = 0.06). Conclusion: △BV-COP, △BV-TP and △BV-Alb had correlation with WB. However, since COP can be measured repeatedly with simplified instruments under selected clinical circumstances, while TP and Alb cannot. COP is the most useful marker to measure △BV during perioperative period. Hct does not allow precise estimation of △BV.展开更多
目的探讨不同渗透压下红细胞体积和溶血情况的变化,为优化人红细胞保护剂的添加和洗涤方案、冷冻干燥程序设定等方面提供参考依据。方法以梯度浓度的氯化钠溶液提供不同的渗透压环境,加入储存4周的全血,离心法测红细胞压积(Hct)、显微...目的探讨不同渗透压下红细胞体积和溶血情况的变化,为优化人红细胞保护剂的添加和洗涤方案、冷冻干燥程序设定等方面提供参考依据。方法以梯度浓度的氯化钠溶液提供不同的渗透压环境,加入储存4周的全血,离心法测红细胞压积(Hct)、显微镜下记录红细胞形态和直径、用冰点渗透压仪测定上清的渗透压、测定上清血红蛋白(Hb)含量,经计算得到不同渗透压下的红细胞体积及溶血率差异。结果在低渗环境下,当渗透压(m Osm/kg)为148、154、158、171、191和236时,溶血率(%)分别为87.3±4.3、79.4±6.7、68.5±6.6、30.2±2.8、6.6±1.0和2.5±0.8,红细胞平均体积(MCV)(f L)分别为184.1±32.7、216.4±62.9、185.2±27.3、151.8±6.8、122.4±3.7和109.3±2.4;在高渗环境下,当渗透压(m Osm/kg)为810、1 073、2 460和3 033时,溶血率(%)分别为2.1±0.7、2.5±0.6、25.2±8.7和55.8±13.8,MCV(f L)分别为58.1±1.9、60.6±2.8、74.5±4.8和80.1±13.9;在等渗环境,溶血率为(1.9±0.8)%、MCV为(94.9±1.08)f L。结论渗透压从低渗到高渗变化过程中,红细胞的体积逐渐减小,溶血率先降低后升高,当渗透压为160 m Osm/kg时,红细胞体积达到上限160 f L,溶血率增加至68%;当渗透压为800 m Osm/kg时,红细胞体积达到下限为60 f L,溶血率为2%。为了降低细胞溶血率,红细胞体积变化宜<1.68倍、>0.68倍原体积。展开更多
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51509068)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(B200202093).
文摘Long-term excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer induces secondary salinization of soil,which results in inhibiting plant growth.In addition,soil moisture deficiency also affects plant growth.To investigate the effects of excessive nitrogen fertilizer and soil moisture deficiency on the antioxidant enzyme system,plant water relations analyzed through pressure-volume(P-V)curve,and photosynthetic light response parameters in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.Myoko)seedlings,an indoor experiment of about 50 d was conducted using two irrigation water amounts based on field capacity(soil moisture deficiency:50%-80%;adequate water:70%-80%),two nitrogen fertilizer rates(moderate nitrogen;excessive nitrogen fertilizer:0.585 g/pot)and two types of irrigation water(tap water and microbial diluent).The results showed that excessive nitrogen fertilizer(N)and soil moisture deficiency(W)reduced the biomass of tomato seedlings.In comparison to CK(combination of adequate water and tap water quality),microbial dilution(EM)increased plant biomass by 5.2%.Also,the nitrogen application increased chlorophyll relative contents(SPAD).The maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pc)decreased with nitrogen application and increased with EM application and irrigation amount.Excessive nitrogen application increased the plant nitrate reductase activity(NR).The plant NR in the N treatment showed a 13.0%increase compared to CK,and the plant NR in the treatment of nitrogen application with water deficiency(WN)increased 34.0%compared to water deficiency(W).After applying excessive nitrogen,N,EM-N,WN,EM-WN respectively increased the plant nitrate reductase activity by 13.0%,22.9%,34.0%,and 28.6%,compared with the corresponding treatment with moderate nitrogen(i.e.,CK,EM,W and EM-W).In addition,the activities of antioxidant enzymes[superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)]in four treatments of nitrogen application(N,EM-N,WN,EM-WN)also increased significantly.Both soil moisture and nitrogen fertilizer significantly affect the parameters
文摘The hypothesis that addition and removal of cryoprotectants to and from spermatozoa would initiate regulatory volume decrease, and lead to osmolyte loss and reduced sperm function, was tested. Common cryoprotectants, in the absence of freezing and thawing, affected bovine ejaculated spermatozoa by lowering their total and progressive motility in medium, reducing their migration through surrogate cervical mucus, damaging sperm head membranes and inducing sperm tail coiling. Sperm function was slightly better maintained after cryoprotectants were added and removed in multiple small steps rather than in a single step. The intracellular content of the polyol osmolytes, D-sorbitol and myo-inositol, exceeded that of the zwitterion osmolytes, L-carnitine and L-glutamate. Certain cryoprotectants reduced intracellular L-camitine and L-glutamate concentration but not that of myo-inositol or D-sorbitol. Multistep treatments with some cryoprotectants had advantages over one-step treatments in mucus penetration depending on the original amount of intracellular camitine and glutamate in the spermatozoa. Overall, sperm quality was best maintained by multistep treatment with glycerol and propanediols that were associated with decreased intracellular glutamate concentration. Bovine spermatozoa seem to use glutamate to regulate cryoprotectant-induced cell swelling.
文摘Background and Objective: Anesthesiologists need to be familiar with perioperative changes in blood volume (BV);however, there is no standard method for repeated evaluation of BV over a short interval of time. We evaluated BV in the operation room using repeatable estimation methods. Method: Eighty-five ASA physical status I-II patients scheduled to undergo endoscopic urosurgery using irrigation fluid under general anesthesia at Nippon Medical School Hospital were included in this study. Irrigation with 3% sorbitol in water was commenced after establishment of general anesthesia and volumetric fluid balance, which was defined as control water balance (WB). Hematocrit (Hct), colloid osmotic pressure (COP), total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb) were repeatedly determined before and during anesthesia. BV was calculated using Allen’s formula and the changes in Hct, COP, TP and Alb. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome was the accuracy of measuring changes in BV (△BV) calculated using the four serum markers. WB and the estimated △BV calculated from Hct, COP, TP and Alb (△BV-Hct, △BV-COP, △BV-TP, and △BV-Alb) were analysed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient test and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: Sixty-five patients were excluded. In the remaining 20 patients, there was a significant correlation between WB and △BV-COP (R2 = 0.72;P < 0.01), WB and △BV-TP (R2 = 0.59;P △BV-Alb (R2 = 0.57;P △BV-Hct (R2 = 0.06). Conclusion: △BV-COP, △BV-TP and △BV-Alb had correlation with WB. However, since COP can be measured repeatedly with simplified instruments under selected clinical circumstances, while TP and Alb cannot. COP is the most useful marker to measure △BV during perioperative period. Hct does not allow precise estimation of △BV.
文摘目的探讨不同渗透压下红细胞体积和溶血情况的变化,为优化人红细胞保护剂的添加和洗涤方案、冷冻干燥程序设定等方面提供参考依据。方法以梯度浓度的氯化钠溶液提供不同的渗透压环境,加入储存4周的全血,离心法测红细胞压积(Hct)、显微镜下记录红细胞形态和直径、用冰点渗透压仪测定上清的渗透压、测定上清血红蛋白(Hb)含量,经计算得到不同渗透压下的红细胞体积及溶血率差异。结果在低渗环境下,当渗透压(m Osm/kg)为148、154、158、171、191和236时,溶血率(%)分别为87.3±4.3、79.4±6.7、68.5±6.6、30.2±2.8、6.6±1.0和2.5±0.8,红细胞平均体积(MCV)(f L)分别为184.1±32.7、216.4±62.9、185.2±27.3、151.8±6.8、122.4±3.7和109.3±2.4;在高渗环境下,当渗透压(m Osm/kg)为810、1 073、2 460和3 033时,溶血率(%)分别为2.1±0.7、2.5±0.6、25.2±8.7和55.8±13.8,MCV(f L)分别为58.1±1.9、60.6±2.8、74.5±4.8和80.1±13.9;在等渗环境,溶血率为(1.9±0.8)%、MCV为(94.9±1.08)f L。结论渗透压从低渗到高渗变化过程中,红细胞的体积逐渐减小,溶血率先降低后升高,当渗透压为160 m Osm/kg时,红细胞体积达到上限160 f L,溶血率增加至68%;当渗透压为800 m Osm/kg时,红细胞体积达到下限为60 f L,溶血率为2%。为了降低细胞溶血率,红细胞体积变化宜<1.68倍、>0.68倍原体积。
