Optimal partitioning theory （OPT） suggests that plants should allocate relatively more biomass to the organs that acquire the most limited resources. The assumption of this theory is that plants trade off the biomas...Optimal partitioning theory （OPT） suggests that plants should allocate relatively more biomass to the organs that acquire the most limited resources. The assumption of this theory is that plants trade off the biomass allocation between leaves, stems and roots. However, variations in biomass allocation among plant parts can also occur as a plant grows in size. As an alternative approach, allometric biomass partitioning theory （APT） asserts that plants should trade off their biomass between roots, stems and leaves. This approach can minimize bias when comparing biomass allocation patterns by accounting for plant size in the analysis. We analyzed the biomass allo- cation strategy of perennial Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel in the Horqin Sand Land of northern China by treating samples with different availabilities of soil nutrients and water, adding snow in winter and water in summer. We hypothesized that P. centrasiaticum alters its pattern of biomass allocation strategy in response to different levels of soil water content and soil nitrogen content. We used standardized major axis （SMA） to analyze the allometric rela- tionship （slope） and intercept between biomass traits （root, stem, leaf and total biomass） of nitrogen/water treat- ments. Taking plant size into consideration, no allometric relationships between different organs were significantly affected by differing soil water and soil nitrogen levels, while the biomass allocation strategy of P. centrasiaticum was affected by soil water levels, but not by soil nitrogen levels. The plasticity of roots, leaves and root/shoot ratios was ＇true＇ in response to fluctuations in soil water content, but the plasticity of stems was consistent for trade-offs between the effects of water and plant size. Plants allocated relatively more biomass to roots and less to leaves when snow was added in winter. A similar trend was observed when water was added in summer. The plasticity of roots, stems and leaves was a function of plant size, and remained uncha展开更多
The time-of-use(TOU)strategy can effectively improve the energy consumption mode of customers,reduce the peak-valley difference of load curve,and optimize the allocation of energy resources.This study presents an Opti...The time-of-use(TOU)strategy can effectively improve the energy consumption mode of customers,reduce the peak-valley difference of load curve,and optimize the allocation of energy resources.This study presents an Optimal guidance mechanism of the flexible load based on strategies of direct load control and time-of-use.First,this study proposes a period partitioning model,which is based on a moving boundary technique with constraint factors,and the Dunn Validity Index(DVI)is used as the objective to solve the period partitioning.Second,a control strategy for the curtailable flexible load is investigated,and a TOU strategy is utilized for further modifying load curve.Third,a price demand response strategy for adjusting transferable load is proposed in this paper.Finally,through the case study analysis of typical daily flexible load curve,the efficiency and correctness of the proposed method and model are validated and proved.展开更多
植物光合产物分配受环境因子和生物因子的共同影响。为增进对植物对全球变化响应的理解,从植物个体水平与群落/生态系统水平综述了植物光合产物分配的影响因子与影响机理的最新研究进展。植物个体在光照增强及受水分和养分胁迫时,会将...植物光合产物分配受环境因子和生物因子的共同影响。为增进对植物对全球变化响应的理解,从植物个体水平与群落/生态系统水平综述了植物光合产物分配的影响因子与影响机理的最新研究进展。植物个体在光照增强及受水分和养分胁迫时,会将光合产物更多地分配到根系;CO2浓度升高对植物光合产物分配的影响受土壤氮素的制约,植物受氮素胁迫时,CO2浓度升高会促进光合产物更多地分配到根系;反之,对植物光合产物分配没有影响。植物群落/生态系统的光合产物分配对环境因子的响应不敏感;光合产物向根系的分配比例随其生长阶段逐渐降低。功能平衡假说、源汇关系假说和相关生长关系假说分别从环境因子、个体发育和环境因子与个体发育协同作用方面阐述了植物光合产物分配的影响机理。在此基础上,指出了未来拟重点加强的研究方向:1)生态系统尺度的光合产物向呼吸部分的分配研究;2)地下净初级生产力(belowground net primary productivity,BNPP)研究;3)温室和野外条件下及幼苗和成熟林光合产物分配对环境因子响应的比较研究;4)生态系统尺度的多因子控制试验;5)整合环境因子和个体发育对植物光合产物分配格局的影响研究。展开更多
对于具有多个调度中心的大规模多区域交直流互联电网,对最优潮流计算进行分布式求解更符合信息的保密性和安全性需求。通过将联络线复制同时放到相邻分区中和引入边界变量一致性约束的方法建立交直流互联电网分布式最优潮流模型,并提出...对于具有多个调度中心的大规模多区域交直流互联电网,对最优潮流计算进行分布式求解更符合信息的保密性和安全性需求。通过将联络线复制同时放到相邻分区中和引入边界变量一致性约束的方法建立交直流互联电网分布式最优潮流模型,并提出了一种完全分布式的不需要任何协调中心的同步交替方向乘子法(Synchronous Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers,SADMM)求解最优潮流模型。对于交直流系统直流部分的网络分区,提出将换流站保留在各自区域中只将中间直流线路复制的直流联络线处理方法。SADMM通过对高斯赛德尔型ADMM(GS-ADMM)进行改进,将当前迭代得到的相邻区域边界节点电压值的加权平均作为下一次迭代的固定参考值,实现不同区域间的并行同步计算。并根据优化问题的特点,确定算法中惩罚因子的合理取值,以加快算法的收敛性。以某一实际大规模交直流互联电网和两个修改的IEEE交直流系统为例,通过与集中式最优潮流计算比较,验证了所提算法的正确有效性。展开更多
基金funded by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB421303)the National Science&Technology Pillar Program(2011BAC07B02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40871004)
文摘Optimal partitioning theory （OPT） suggests that plants should allocate relatively more biomass to the organs that acquire the most limited resources. The assumption of this theory is that plants trade off the biomass allocation between leaves, stems and roots. However, variations in biomass allocation among plant parts can also occur as a plant grows in size. As an alternative approach, allometric biomass partitioning theory （APT） asserts that plants should trade off their biomass between roots, stems and leaves. This approach can minimize bias when comparing biomass allocation patterns by accounting for plant size in the analysis. We analyzed the biomass allo- cation strategy of perennial Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel in the Horqin Sand Land of northern China by treating samples with different availabilities of soil nutrients and water, adding snow in winter and water in summer. We hypothesized that P. centrasiaticum alters its pattern of biomass allocation strategy in response to different levels of soil water content and soil nitrogen content. We used standardized major axis （SMA） to analyze the allometric rela- tionship （slope） and intercept between biomass traits （root, stem, leaf and total biomass） of nitrogen/water treat- ments. Taking plant size into consideration, no allometric relationships between different organs were significantly affected by differing soil water and soil nitrogen levels, while the biomass allocation strategy of P. centrasiaticum was affected by soil water levels, but not by soil nitrogen levels. The plasticity of roots, leaves and root/shoot ratios was ＇true＇ in response to fluctuations in soil water content, but the plasticity of stems was consistent for trade-offs between the effects of water and plant size. Plants allocated relatively more biomass to roots and less to leaves when snow was added in winter. A similar trend was observed when water was added in summer. The plasticity of roots, stems and leaves was a function of plant size, and remained uncha
基金supported by open fund of state key laboratory of operation and control of renewable energy&storage systems(China electric power research institute)(No.NYB51202201709).
文摘The time-of-use(TOU)strategy can effectively improve the energy consumption mode of customers,reduce the peak-valley difference of load curve,and optimize the allocation of energy resources.This study presents an Optimal guidance mechanism of the flexible load based on strategies of direct load control and time-of-use.First,this study proposes a period partitioning model,which is based on a moving boundary technique with constraint factors,and the Dunn Validity Index(DVI)is used as the objective to solve the period partitioning.Second,a control strategy for the curtailable flexible load is investigated,and a TOU strategy is utilized for further modifying load curve.Third,a price demand response strategy for adjusting transferable load is proposed in this paper.Finally,through the case study analysis of typical daily flexible load curve,the efficiency and correctness of the proposed method and model are validated and proved.
文摘植物光合产物分配受环境因子和生物因子的共同影响。为增进对植物对全球变化响应的理解,从植物个体水平与群落/生态系统水平综述了植物光合产物分配的影响因子与影响机理的最新研究进展。植物个体在光照增强及受水分和养分胁迫时,会将光合产物更多地分配到根系;CO2浓度升高对植物光合产物分配的影响受土壤氮素的制约,植物受氮素胁迫时,CO2浓度升高会促进光合产物更多地分配到根系;反之,对植物光合产物分配没有影响。植物群落/生态系统的光合产物分配对环境因子的响应不敏感;光合产物向根系的分配比例随其生长阶段逐渐降低。功能平衡假说、源汇关系假说和相关生长关系假说分别从环境因子、个体发育和环境因子与个体发育协同作用方面阐述了植物光合产物分配的影响机理。在此基础上,指出了未来拟重点加强的研究方向:1)生态系统尺度的光合产物向呼吸部分的分配研究;2)地下净初级生产力(belowground net primary productivity,BNPP)研究;3)温室和野外条件下及幼苗和成熟林光合产物分配对环境因子响应的比较研究;4)生态系统尺度的多因子控制试验;5)整合环境因子和个体发育对植物光合产物分配格局的影响研究。
文摘对于具有多个调度中心的大规模多区域交直流互联电网,对最优潮流计算进行分布式求解更符合信息的保密性和安全性需求。通过将联络线复制同时放到相邻分区中和引入边界变量一致性约束的方法建立交直流互联电网分布式最优潮流模型,并提出了一种完全分布式的不需要任何协调中心的同步交替方向乘子法(Synchronous Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers,SADMM)求解最优潮流模型。对于交直流系统直流部分的网络分区,提出将换流站保留在各自区域中只将中间直流线路复制的直流联络线处理方法。SADMM通过对高斯赛德尔型ADMM(GS-ADMM)进行改进,将当前迭代得到的相邻区域边界节点电压值的加权平均作为下一次迭代的固定参考值,实现不同区域间的并行同步计算。并根据优化问题的特点,确定算法中惩罚因子的合理取值,以加快算法的收敛性。以某一实际大规模交直流互联电网和两个修改的IEEE交直流系统为例,通过与集中式最优潮流计算比较,验证了所提算法的正确有效性。
