Based on the understanding of the mechanism of energy dissipation,a new type of plunge pool is presented with the advantages of high rate of energy dissipation,low impact pressure,and small close-to-bed velocity on th...Based on the understanding of the mechanism of energy dissipation,a new type of plunge pool is presented with the advantages of high rate of energy dissipation,low impact pressure,and small close-to-bed velocity on the soleplate of the plunge pool.The first advantage owes to enlarged shearing energy dissipation areas in the plunge pool,while the other two are caused by the jet that enters in a nearly horizontal level to keep the soleplate from being scoured directly.All of the above arrangements make this new type of energy dissipator distinct from the underflow energy dissipation.Through experiments on the physical model,the authors found that the water flow maintained stable and submerged in horizontal direction when the flow was narrow in horizontal but thick in vertical direction.However,the wide flat nappe was ready to submerge or float as the downstream water level rised or dropped.The entire flow fields of multi-horizontal submerged jets into plunge pool were also numerically simulated.The numerical results of water surface curve,close-to-bed velocity and floor pressure agree well with the experimental data.The flow pattern in the plunge pool was analyzed after combining the laboratory data and numerical simulation.展开更多
对2014年3月31日广东省一次飑线过程进行了观测资料分析和数值模拟研究。观测资料分析表明:飑线发生在强低空垂直风切变和"上干下湿"的水汽垂直分布的环境条件下。在强盛阶段,飑线上的对流单体多表现为强降水超级单体,有明显...对2014年3月31日广东省一次飑线过程进行了观测资料分析和数值模拟研究。观测资料分析表明:飑线发生在强低空垂直风切变和"上干下湿"的水汽垂直分布的环境条件下。在强盛阶段,飑线上的对流单体多表现为强降水超级单体,有明显的有界弱回波区(BWER)和回波悬垂结构。飑线前沿有明显阵风锋,后侧有弱回波通道,弱回波通道和后侧入流急流(RIJ)相对应,RIJ维持时间较长,对"弓"形回波的形成、地面大风、飑线的维持和快速移动具有重要的作用。模式输出的高分辨率资料分析表明:在减弱阶段飑线移入残留的冷池中,冷池得到加强,此时西南暖湿气流加强,飑线二次发展。成熟飑线的三维结构表现为低层为2支入流、高层为2支出流,且前侧出流速度较快,使得气流倾斜上升,容易形成悬挂回波和弱回波区(WER)。后侧入流下部(600 h Pa高度层以下)的辐散下沉气流是地面大风形成的原因。对流两侧的"涡旋串"(Vortex bunch)对冷暖空气加速入流、对流发展强度和高度以及对流的长时间维持有很大的作用。展开更多
An extreme rainfall event occurred over Hangzhou,China,during the afternoon hours on 24 June 2013.This event occurred under suitable synoptic conditions and the maximum 4-h cumulative rainfall amount was over 150 mm.T...An extreme rainfall event occurred over Hangzhou,China,during the afternoon hours on 24 June 2013.This event occurred under suitable synoptic conditions and the maximum 4-h cumulative rainfall amount was over 150 mm.This rainfall event had two major rainbands.One was caused by a quasi-stationary convective line,and the other by a backbuilding convective line related to the interaction of the outflow boundary from the first rainband and an existing low-level mesoscale convergence line associated with a mei-yu frontal system.The rainfall event lasted 4 h,while the back-building process occurred in 2 h when the extreme rainfall center formed.So far,few studies have examined the back-building processes in the mei-yu season that are caused by the interaction of a mesoscale convergence line and a convective cold pool.The two rainbands are successfully reproduced by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model with fourlevel,two-way interactive nesting.In the model,new cells repeatedly occur at the west side of older cells,and the backbuilding process occurs in an environment with large CAPE,a low LFC,and plenty of water vapor.Outflows from older cells enhance the low-level convergence that forces new cells.High precipitation efficiency of the back-building training cells leads to accumulated precipitation of over 150 mm.Sensitivity experiments without evaporation of rainwater show that the convective cold pool plays an important role in the organization of the back-building process in the current extreme precipitation case.展开更多
Laser directed energy deposition(DED)involves complex physical processes,and the trial and error examinations are time consuming and cost expensive.The research paradigm can be reshaped using advanced phenomenological...Laser directed energy deposition(DED)involves complex physical processes,and the trial and error examinations are time consuming and cost expensive.The research paradigm can be reshaped using advanced phenomenological models via computing the spatiotemporal variations of the build features.In this work,multi-layer and multi-track laser DED of Ti-6 Al-4 V were systematically explored on multiple scales including the 1D track,the 2D layer and the 3D full build considering the complex transport of energy,mass,and momentum in the moving freeform molten pool.The results showed that convex,nearflat,and wavy builds were generated using gradually larger hatch spacings.The profiles of individual tracks and layers were extracted through the unique advantages of the model.The individual tracks exhibited various patterns and rotated with specific inclinations to form distinct layer profiles.The net increments of the deposit generated upon the printing of a new track during the continuous deposition process showed that the smaller hatch spacing caused higher overlap rate of horizontally adjacent tracks but lower remelting rate of vertically adjacent tracks in neighboring layers.The 3D numerical model was validated with corresponding experiments for various process conditions.The scientific findings can provide useful insights for further researches of DED.展开更多
基金the United Research Foundation of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.50539060and50709020)"973"Project of China(Grant No.2007CB714105)
文摘Based on the understanding of the mechanism of energy dissipation,a new type of plunge pool is presented with the advantages of high rate of energy dissipation,low impact pressure,and small close-to-bed velocity on the soleplate of the plunge pool.The first advantage owes to enlarged shearing energy dissipation areas in the plunge pool,while the other two are caused by the jet that enters in a nearly horizontal level to keep the soleplate from being scoured directly.All of the above arrangements make this new type of energy dissipator distinct from the underflow energy dissipation.Through experiments on the physical model,the authors found that the water flow maintained stable and submerged in horizontal direction when the flow was narrow in horizontal but thick in vertical direction.However,the wide flat nappe was ready to submerge or float as the downstream water level rised or dropped.The entire flow fields of multi-horizontal submerged jets into plunge pool were also numerically simulated.The numerical results of water surface curve,close-to-bed velocity and floor pressure agree well with the experimental data.The flow pattern in the plunge pool was analyzed after combining the laboratory data and numerical simulation.
文摘对2014年3月31日广东省一次飑线过程进行了观测资料分析和数值模拟研究。观测资料分析表明:飑线发生在强低空垂直风切变和"上干下湿"的水汽垂直分布的环境条件下。在强盛阶段,飑线上的对流单体多表现为强降水超级单体,有明显的有界弱回波区(BWER)和回波悬垂结构。飑线前沿有明显阵风锋,后侧有弱回波通道,弱回波通道和后侧入流急流(RIJ)相对应,RIJ维持时间较长,对"弓"形回波的形成、地面大风、飑线的维持和快速移动具有重要的作用。模式输出的高分辨率资料分析表明:在减弱阶段飑线移入残留的冷池中,冷池得到加强,此时西南暖湿气流加强,飑线二次发展。成熟飑线的三维结构表现为低层为2支入流、高层为2支出流,且前侧出流速度较快,使得气流倾斜上升,容易形成悬挂回波和弱回波区(WER)。后侧入流下部(600 h Pa高度层以下)的辐散下沉气流是地面大风形成的原因。对流两侧的"涡旋串"(Vortex bunch)对冷暖空气加速入流、对流发展强度和高度以及对流的长时间维持有很大的作用。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.41730965, U2242204, and 41175047)the National Key Basic Research and Development Project of China (Grant No.2013CB430104)+2 种基金the Key Project of the Joint Funds of the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No.LZJMZ23D050003financial support from the China Scholarship Council for her visit to CAPSUniversity of Oklahoma
文摘An extreme rainfall event occurred over Hangzhou,China,during the afternoon hours on 24 June 2013.This event occurred under suitable synoptic conditions and the maximum 4-h cumulative rainfall amount was over 150 mm.This rainfall event had two major rainbands.One was caused by a quasi-stationary convective line,and the other by a backbuilding convective line related to the interaction of the outflow boundary from the first rainband and an existing low-level mesoscale convergence line associated with a mei-yu frontal system.The rainfall event lasted 4 h,while the back-building process occurred in 2 h when the extreme rainfall center formed.So far,few studies have examined the back-building processes in the mei-yu season that are caused by the interaction of a mesoscale convergence line and a convective cold pool.The two rainbands are successfully reproduced by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model with fourlevel,two-way interactive nesting.In the model,new cells repeatedly occur at the west side of older cells,and the backbuilding process occurs in an environment with large CAPE,a low LFC,and plenty of water vapor.Outflows from older cells enhance the low-level convergence that forces new cells.High precipitation efficiency of the back-building training cells leads to accumulated precipitation of over 150 mm.Sensitivity experiments without evaporation of rainwater show that the convective cold pool plays an important role in the organization of the back-building process in the current extreme precipitation case.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFB1103000)The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51805267)+1 种基金The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20180483)the fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in NWPU(No.SKLSP201830)。
文摘Laser directed energy deposition(DED)involves complex physical processes,and the trial and error examinations are time consuming and cost expensive.The research paradigm can be reshaped using advanced phenomenological models via computing the spatiotemporal variations of the build features.In this work,multi-layer and multi-track laser DED of Ti-6 Al-4 V were systematically explored on multiple scales including the 1D track,the 2D layer and the 3D full build considering the complex transport of energy,mass,and momentum in the moving freeform molten pool.The results showed that convex,nearflat,and wavy builds were generated using gradually larger hatch spacings.The profiles of individual tracks and layers were extracted through the unique advantages of the model.The individual tracks exhibited various patterns and rotated with specific inclinations to form distinct layer profiles.The net increments of the deposit generated upon the printing of a new track during the continuous deposition process showed that the smaller hatch spacing caused higher overlap rate of horizontally adjacent tracks but lower remelting rate of vertically adjacent tracks in neighboring layers.The 3D numerical model was validated with corresponding experiments for various process conditions.The scientific findings can provide useful insights for further researches of DED.
