Urban and regional air pollutions are characterized by high concentrations of secondary pollutants such as photo-oxidants （mainly ozone） and fine particulate matter, which are formed through chemical reactions of th...Urban and regional air pollutions are characterized by high concentrations of secondary pollutants such as photo-oxidants （mainly ozone） and fine particulate matter, which are formed through chemical reactions of the primary pollutants emitted from various sources. The accumulation of these pollutants under stagnant meteorological conditions results in the formation of gray haze, reducing visibility and causing major impacts on human health and climate. In an air pollution complex, the co- existence of high concentrations of primary and secondary gaseous and particulate pollutants provides a large amount of reac- tants for heterogeneous reactions on the surface of fine particles; these reactions change the oxidizing capacity of the atmos- phere, as well as chemical compositions along with the physicochemical and optical properties of particulate matter, thereby accelerating formation of the air pollution complex and gray haze. Using in situ technologies, such as diffuse reflectance infra- red Fourier-transform spectroscopy and single-particle Raman spectroscopy, we systematically investigated the reaction kinet- ics and mechanisms of gaseous pollutants （i.e., NO2, SO2, 03, and formaldehyde） on the surfaces of the major components of atmospheric particles such as CaCO3, kaolinite, montmorillonite, NaC1, sea salt, A1203, and Tit2. We found that the main re- action products were sulfate, nitrate, or formate, which can change the hygroscopicity and light extinction parameters of those particles significantly. By analyzing the reaction kinetics of these heterogeneous reactions, we identified synergetic mechanisms of the three ternary reaction systems, ,i.e., NOE-particles-H2O, SO2-particles-O3, and organics/SO2-particles-UV illumination. These synergetic mechanisms can provide experimental and theoretical bases for understanding the feedback mechanisms and nonlinear processes in the formation of an air pollution complex and gray haze.展开更多
In this paper we review the recent advances in three sub-areas of iterative learning control (ILC): 1) linear ILC for linear processes, 2) linear ILC for nonlinear processes which are global Lipschitz continuous (GLC)...In this paper we review the recent advances in three sub-areas of iterative learning control (ILC): 1) linear ILC for linear processes, 2) linear ILC for nonlinear processes which are global Lipschitz continuous (GLC), and 3) nonlinear ILC for general nonlinear processes. For linear processes, we focus on several basic configurations of linear ILC. For nonlinear processes with linear ILC, we concentrate on the design and transient analysis which were overlooked and missing for a long period. For general classes of nonlinear processes, we demonstrate nonlinear ILC methods based on Lyapunov theory, which is evolving into a new control paradigm.展开更多
Infrared imaging is a crucial technique in a multitude of applications,including night vision,autonomous vehicle navigation,optical tomography,and food quality control.Conventional infrared imaging technologies,howeve...Infrared imaging is a crucial technique in a multitude of applications,including night vision,autonomous vehicle navigation,optical tomography,and food quality control.Conventional infrared imaging technologies,however,require the use of materials such as narrow bandgap semiconductors,which are sensitive to thermal noise and often require cryogenic cooling.We demonstrate a compact all-optical alternative to perform infrared imaging in a metasurface composed of GaAs semiconductor nanoantennas,using a nonlinear wave-mixing process.We experimentally show the upconversion of short-wave infrared wavelengths via the coherent parametric process of sum-frequency generation.In this process,an infrared image of a target is mixed inside the metasurface with a strong pump beam,translating the image from the infrared to the visible in a nanoscale ultrathin imaging device.Our results open up new opportunities for the development of compact infrared imaging devices with applications in infrared vision and life sciences.展开更多
Based on a nonlinear state predictor (NSP) and a strong tracking filter (STF), a sensor fault tolerant generic model control (FTGMC) approach for a class of nonlinear time-delay processes is proposed. First, the NSP i...Based on a nonlinear state predictor (NSP) and a strong tracking filter (STF), a sensor fault tolerant generic model control (FTGMC) approach for a class of nonlinear time-delay processes is proposed. First, the NSP is introduced, and it is used to extend the conventional generic model control (GMC) to nonlinear processes with large input time-delay. Then the STF is adopted to estimate process states and sensor bias, the estimated sensor bias is used to drive a fault detection logic. When a sensor fault is detected, the estimated process states by the STF will be used to construct the process output to form a 'soft sensor', which is then used by the NSP (instead of the real outputs) to provide state predictors. These procedures constitute an active fault tolerant control scheme. Finally, simulation results of a three-tank-system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.展开更多
Using Girsanov transformation,we derive a new link from stochastic differential equations of Markovian type to nonlinear parabolic equations of Burgers-KPZ type,in such a manner that the obtained BurgersKPZ equation c...Using Girsanov transformation,we derive a new link from stochastic differential equations of Markovian type to nonlinear parabolic equations of Burgers-KPZ type,in such a manner that the obtained BurgersKPZ equation characterizes the path-independence property of the density process of Girsanov transformation for the stochastic differential equation.Our assertion also holds for SDEs on a connected differential manifold.展开更多
Optical vortices,which carry orbital angular momentum,offer special capabilities in a host of applications.A single-laser source with dual-beam-mode output may open up new research fields of nonlinear optics and quant...Optical vortices,which carry orbital angular momentum,offer special capabilities in a host of applications.A single-laser source with dual-beam-mode output may open up new research fields of nonlinear optics and quantum optics.We demonstrate a dual-channel scheme to generate femtosecond,dualwavelength,and dual-beam-mode tunable signals in the near infrared wavelength range.Dual-wavelength operation is derived by stimulating two adjacent periods of a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal.Pumped by an Yb-doped fiber laser with a Gaussian(lp?0)beam,two tunable signal emissions with different beam modes are observed simultaneously.Although one of the emissions can be tuned from1520 to 1613 nm with the Gaussian(ls?0)beam,the other is capable of producing a vortex spatial profile with different vortex orders(ls?0 to 2)tunable from 1490 to 1549 nm.The proposed system provides unprecedented freedom and will be an exciting platform for super-resolution imaging,nonlinear optics,multidimensional quantum entanglement,etc.展开更多
We study the effects of mechanical nonlinearity arising from large thickness-shear deformation on the transient process of an AT-cut quartz plate resonator. Mindlin＇s two-dimensional plate equation is used, from whic...We study the effects of mechanical nonlinearity arising from large thickness-shear deformation on the transient process of an AT-cut quartz plate resonator. Mindlin＇s two-dimensional plate equation is used, from which a system of first-order nonlinear differential equations governing the evolution of the vibration amplitude is obtained. Numerical solutions by the Runge-Kutta method show that in common operating conditions of quartz resonators the nonlinear effect varies from noticeable to significant. As resonators are to be made smaller and thinner in the future with about the same power requirement, nonlinear effects will become more important and need more understanding and consideration in resonator design.展开更多
This paper introduces an orthogonal expansion method for general stochastic processes. In the method, a normalized orthogonal function of time variable t is first introduced to carry out the decomposition of a stochas...This paper introduces an orthogonal expansion method for general stochastic processes. In the method, a normalized orthogonal function of time variable t is first introduced to carry out the decomposition of a stochastic process and then a correlated matrix decomposition technique, which transforms a correlated random vector into a vector of standard uncorrelated random variables, is used to complete a double orthogonal decomposition of the stochastic processes. Considering the relationship between the Hartley transform and Fourier transform of a real-valued function, it is suggested that the first orthogonal expansion in the above process is carried out using the Hartley basis function instead of the trigonometric basis function in practical applications. The seismic ground motion is investigated using the above method. In order to capture the main probabilistic characteristics of the seismic ground motion, it is proposed to directly carry out the orthogonal expansion of the seismic displacements. The case study shows that the proposed method is feasible to represent the seismic ground motion with only a few random variables. In the second part of the paper, the probability density evolution method （PDEM） is employed to study the stochastic response of nonlinear structures subjected to earthquake excitations. In the PDEM, a completely uncoupled one-dimensional partial differential equation, the generalized density evolution equation, plays a central role in governing the stochastic seismic responses of the nonlinear structure. The solution to this equation will yield the instantaneous probability density function of the responses. Computational algorithms to solve the probability density evolution equation are described. An example, which deals with a nonlinear frame structure subjected to stochastic ground motions, is illustrated to validate the above approach.展开更多
A modified Strong Tracking Filter (STF) is used to develop a new approach to sensor fault tolerant control. Generic Model Control (GMC) is used to control the nonlinear process while the process runs normally becaus...A modified Strong Tracking Filter (STF) is used to develop a new approach to sensor fault tolerant control. Generic Model Control (GMC) is used to control the nonlinear process while the process runs normally because of its robust control performance. If a fault occurs in the sensor, a sensor bias vector is then introduced to the output equation of the process model. The sensor bias vector is estimated on line during every control period using the STF. The estimated sensor bias vector is used to develop a fault detection mechanism to supervise the sensors. When a sensor fault occurs, the conventional GMC is switched to a fault tolerant control scheme, which is, in essence, a state estimation and output prediction based GMC. The laboratory experimental results on a three tank system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed Sensor Fault Tolerant Generic Model Control (SFTGMC) approach.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20637020, 40490265 & 20077001)National Basic Research Program of China (2002CB410802)special fund of State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
文摘Urban and regional air pollutions are characterized by high concentrations of secondary pollutants such as photo-oxidants （mainly ozone） and fine particulate matter, which are formed through chemical reactions of the primary pollutants emitted from various sources. The accumulation of these pollutants under stagnant meteorological conditions results in the formation of gray haze, reducing visibility and causing major impacts on human health and climate. In an air pollution complex, the co- existence of high concentrations of primary and secondary gaseous and particulate pollutants provides a large amount of reac- tants for heterogeneous reactions on the surface of fine particles; these reactions change the oxidizing capacity of the atmos- phere, as well as chemical compositions along with the physicochemical and optical properties of particulate matter, thereby accelerating formation of the air pollution complex and gray haze. Using in situ technologies, such as diffuse reflectance infra- red Fourier-transform spectroscopy and single-particle Raman spectroscopy, we systematically investigated the reaction kinet- ics and mechanisms of gaseous pollutants （i.e., NO2, SO2, 03, and formaldehyde） on the surfaces of the major components of atmospheric particles such as CaCO3, kaolinite, montmorillonite, NaC1, sea salt, A1203, and Tit2. We found that the main re- action products were sulfate, nitrate, or formate, which can change the hygroscopicity and light extinction parameters of those particles significantly. By analyzing the reaction kinetics of these heterogeneous reactions, we identified synergetic mechanisms of the three ternary reaction systems, ,i.e., NOE-particles-H2O, SO2-particles-O3, and organics/SO2-particles-UV illumination. These synergetic mechanisms can provide experimental and theoretical bases for understanding the feedback mechanisms and nonlinear processes in the formation of an air pollution complex and gray haze.
文摘In this paper we review the recent advances in three sub-areas of iterative learning control (ILC): 1) linear ILC for linear processes, 2) linear ILC for nonlinear processes which are global Lipschitz continuous (GLC), and 3) nonlinear ILC for general nonlinear processes. For linear processes, we focus on several basic configurations of linear ILC. For nonlinear processes with linear ILC, we concentrate on the design and transient analysis which were overlooked and missing for a long period. For general classes of nonlinear processes, we demonstrate nonlinear ILC methods based on Lyapunov theory, which is evolving into a new control paradigm.
基金The authors acknowledge the use of the Australian National Fabrication Facility(ANFF),ACT Node.Rocio CamachoMorales acknowledges a grant from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología(CONACYT),MexicoNikolay Dimitrov and Lyubomir Stoyanov acknowledge a grant from the EU Marie-Curie RISE program NOCTURNO+1 种基金Mohsen Rahmani acknowledges support from the UK Research and Innovation Future Leaders Fellowship(MR/T040513/1)Dragomir N.Neshev acknowledges a grant from the Australian Research Council(CE20010001,DP190101559).
文摘Infrared imaging is a crucial technique in a multitude of applications,including night vision,autonomous vehicle navigation,optical tomography,and food quality control.Conventional infrared imaging technologies,however,require the use of materials such as narrow bandgap semiconductors,which are sensitive to thermal noise and often require cryogenic cooling.We demonstrate a compact all-optical alternative to perform infrared imaging in a metasurface composed of GaAs semiconductor nanoantennas,using a nonlinear wave-mixing process.We experimentally show the upconversion of short-wave infrared wavelengths via the coherent parametric process of sum-frequency generation.In this process,an infrared image of a target is mixed inside the metasurface with a strong pump beam,translating the image from the infrared to the visible in a nanoscale ultrathin imaging device.Our results open up new opportunities for the development of compact infrared imaging devices with applications in infrared vision and life sciences.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60025307, No. 60234010) the National 863 Project(No. 2001AA413130,2002AA412420)+1 种基金 Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 20020003063) the National 973 Program
文摘Based on a nonlinear state predictor (NSP) and a strong tracking filter (STF), a sensor fault tolerant generic model control (FTGMC) approach for a class of nonlinear time-delay processes is proposed. First, the NSP is introduced, and it is used to extend the conventional generic model control (GMC) to nonlinear processes with large input time-delay. Then the STF is adopted to estimate process states and sensor bias, the estimated sensor bias is used to drive a fault detection logic. When a sensor fault is detected, the estimated process states by the STF will be used to construct the process output to form a 'soft sensor', which is then used by the NSP (instead of the real outputs) to provide state predictors. These procedures constitute an active fault tolerant control scheme. Finally, simulation results of a three-tank-system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
基金supported by Laboratory of Mathematics and Complex Systems,National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11131003)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Educationthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘Using Girsanov transformation,we derive a new link from stochastic differential equations of Markovian type to nonlinear parabolic equations of Burgers-KPZ type,in such a manner that the obtained BurgersKPZ equation characterizes the path-independence property of the density process of Girsanov transformation for the stochastic differential equation.Our assertion also holds for SDEs on a connected differential manifold.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.61535009 and 6182781)the Tianjin Research Program of Application Foundation and Advanced Technology(No.17JCJQJC43500)
文摘Optical vortices,which carry orbital angular momentum,offer special capabilities in a host of applications.A single-laser source with dual-beam-mode output may open up new research fields of nonlinear optics and quantum optics.We demonstrate a dual-channel scheme to generate femtosecond,dualwavelength,and dual-beam-mode tunable signals in the near infrared wavelength range.Dual-wavelength operation is derived by stimulating two adjacent periods of a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal.Pumped by an Yb-doped fiber laser with a Gaussian(lp?0)beam,two tunable signal emissions with different beam modes are observed simultaneously.Although one of the emissions can be tuned from1520 to 1613 nm with the Gaussian(ls?0)beam,the other is capable of producing a vortex spatial profile with different vortex orders(ls?0 to 2)tunable from 1490 to 1549 nm.The proposed system provides unprecedented freedom and will be an exciting platform for super-resolution imaging,nonlinear optics,multidimensional quantum entanglement,etc.
基金supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universities(No.NCET-12-0625)the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Jiangsu Province(No.SBK2014010134)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(No.NE2013101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11232007)a project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘We study the effects of mechanical nonlinearity arising from large thickness-shear deformation on the transient process of an AT-cut quartz plate resonator. Mindlin＇s two-dimensional plate equation is used, from which a system of first-order nonlinear differential equations governing the evolution of the vibration amplitude is obtained. Numerical solutions by the Runge-Kutta method show that in common operating conditions of quartz resonators the nonlinear effect varies from noticeable to significant. As resonators are to be made smaller and thinner in the future with about the same power requirement, nonlinear effects will become more important and need more understanding and consideration in resonator design.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China for Innovative Research Groups Under Grant No.50321803 & 50621062National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No.50808113 & 10872148
文摘This paper introduces an orthogonal expansion method for general stochastic processes. In the method, a normalized orthogonal function of time variable t is first introduced to carry out the decomposition of a stochastic process and then a correlated matrix decomposition technique, which transforms a correlated random vector into a vector of standard uncorrelated random variables, is used to complete a double orthogonal decomposition of the stochastic processes. Considering the relationship between the Hartley transform and Fourier transform of a real-valued function, it is suggested that the first orthogonal expansion in the above process is carried out using the Hartley basis function instead of the trigonometric basis function in practical applications. The seismic ground motion is investigated using the above method. In order to capture the main probabilistic characteristics of the seismic ground motion, it is proposed to directly carry out the orthogonal expansion of the seismic displacements. The case study shows that the proposed method is feasible to represent the seismic ground motion with only a few random variables. In the second part of the paper, the probability density evolution method （PDEM） is employed to study the stochastic response of nonlinear structures subjected to earthquake excitations. In the PDEM, a completely uncoupled one-dimensional partial differential equation, the generalized density evolution equation, plays a central role in governing the stochastic seismic responses of the nonlinear structure. The solution to this equation will yield the instantaneous probability density function of the responses. Computational algorithms to solve the probability density evolution equation are described. An example, which deals with a nonlinear frame structure subjected to stochastic ground motions, is illustrated to validate the above approach.
基金the National Natural Science Foundationof China!( No. 697740 2 2 ) the State High-TechDevelopments Plan! ( 863 -5 11-84
文摘A modified Strong Tracking Filter (STF) is used to develop a new approach to sensor fault tolerant control. Generic Model Control (GMC) is used to control the nonlinear process while the process runs normally because of its robust control performance. If a fault occurs in the sensor, a sensor bias vector is then introduced to the output equation of the process model. The sensor bias vector is estimated on line during every control period using the STF. The estimated sensor bias vector is used to develop a fault detection mechanism to supervise the sensors. When a sensor fault occurs, the conventional GMC is switched to a fault tolerant control scheme, which is, in essence, a state estimation and output prediction based GMC. The laboratory experimental results on a three tank system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed Sensor Fault Tolerant Generic Model Control (SFTGMC) approach.
