Some neurons,especially in mammalian peripheral nervous system or in lower vertebrate or in vertebrate central nervous system(CNS)regenerate after axotomy,while most mammalian CNS neurons fail to regenerate.There is a...Some neurons,especially in mammalian peripheral nervous system or in lower vertebrate or in vertebrate central nervous system(CNS)regenerate after axotomy,while most mammalian CNS neurons fail to regenerate.There is an emerging consensus that neurons have different intrinsic regenerative capabilities,which theoretically could be manipulated therapeutically to improve regeneration.Population-based comparisons between"good regenerating"and"bad regenerating"neurons in the CNS and peripheral nervous system of most vertebrates yield results that are inconclusive or difficult to interpret.At least in part,this reflects the great diversity of cells in the mammalian CNS.Using mammalian nervous system imposes several methodical limitations.First,the small sizes and large numbers of neurons in the CNS make it very difficult to distinguish regenerating neurons from non-regenerating ones.Second,the lack of identifiable neurons makes it impossible to correlate biochemical changes in a neuron with axonal damage of the same neuron,and therefore,to dissect the molecular mechanisms of regeneration on the level of single neurons.This review will survey the reported responses to axon injury and the determinants of axon regeneration,emphasizing non-mammalian model organisms,which are often under-utilized,but in which the data are especially easy to interpret.展开更多
基金supported by 85310-PHI Shriners Research Foundation(to MIS)NIH R01 NS092876(to MES)
文摘Some neurons,especially in mammalian peripheral nervous system or in lower vertebrate or in vertebrate central nervous system(CNS)regenerate after axotomy,while most mammalian CNS neurons fail to regenerate.There is an emerging consensus that neurons have different intrinsic regenerative capabilities,which theoretically could be manipulated therapeutically to improve regeneration.Population-based comparisons between"good regenerating"and"bad regenerating"neurons in the CNS and peripheral nervous system of most vertebrates yield results that are inconclusive or difficult to interpret.At least in part,this reflects the great diversity of cells in the mammalian CNS.Using mammalian nervous system imposes several methodical limitations.First,the small sizes and large numbers of neurons in the CNS make it very difficult to distinguish regenerating neurons from non-regenerating ones.Second,the lack of identifiable neurons makes it impossible to correlate biochemical changes in a neuron with axonal damage of the same neuron,and therefore,to dissect the molecular mechanisms of regeneration on the level of single neurons.This review will survey the reported responses to axon injury and the determinants of axon regeneration,emphasizing non-mammalian model organisms,which are often under-utilized,but in which the data are especially easy to interpret.
文摘长链非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA,lncRNA)的保守性表现在一级结构、空间结构、转录位置、剪接模式及组织分布等方面,是目前lncRNA研究的热点和难点。不断深入的lncRNA保守性研究可应用于参考基因组相对匮乏的非模式生物lncRNA的筛选过程,并且极大地提升了非模式生物lncRNA数据库建立的完整性和准确性。借助针对开放阅读框长度、密码子分布与出现频率、功能性结构域等保守信息开发而来的lncRNA筛选工具或流程如CPC、PLAR(pipeline for lncRNA annotation from RNA-seq data)等,已成为目前非模式生物lncRNA的筛选及其参考数据库构建的新策略。本文就lncRNA的保守性及其在非模式生物lncRNA筛选中的应用作一综述,并简要介绍了一种运用其保守性的筛选方法——PLAR。
