AIM： To examine the significance of branched-chain amino acid （BCAA） treatment before transcatheter arterial chemoembolization （rACE） for hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）.METHODS： This study included 99 patients...AIM： To examine the significance of branched-chain amino acid （BCAA） treatment before transcatheter arterial chemoembolization （rACE） for hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）.METHODS： This study included 99 patients who underwent TACE therapy for HCC at our hospital and were followed up without treatment for at least 6 mo between January 2004 and January 2010. They were divided into 2 groups： those receiving BCAA granules （/7 = 40） or regular diet （n = 59, control）. Data obtained were retrospectively analyzed （prior to TACE, and 1 wk, 1, 3, and 6 mo after TACE） in terms of nutritional condition and clinical laboratory parameters （serum albumin level and Child-Pugh score）, both of which are determinants of hepatic functional reserve.RESULTS： The BCAA group comprised 27 males and 13 females with a mean age of 69,9 ：E 8,8 years, The patients of the BCAA group were classified as follows： Child-Pugh A/B/C in 22/15/3 patients, and Stage Ⅱ/Ⅲ/ /IVA HCC in 12/23/5 patients, respectively. The controlgroup comprised 32 males and 27 females with a mean age of 73.2 ± 10.1 years. In the control group, 9 patients had chronic hepatitis, Child-Pugh A/B/C in 39/10/1 patients, and Stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ/IVA HCC in 1/11/35/12 patients, respectively. Overall, both serum albumin level and Child-Pugh score improved significantly in the BCAA group as compared with the control 3 and 6 mo after TACE （P 〈 0.05）. Further analysis was performed by the following categorization： （1） child-Pugh classification; （2） liver cirrhosis subgroup with a serum albumin level 〉 3.5 g/dL; and （3） epirubicin dose. A similar trend indicating a significant improvement of all variables in the BCAA group was noted （P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION： Treatment with BCAA granules in patients who have undergone TACE for HCC is considered useful to maintain their hepatic functional reserve.展开更多
Multiple access(MA) technology is of most importance for 5G. Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) utilizing power domain and advanced receiver has been considered as a promising candidate MA technology recently. In th...Multiple access(MA) technology is of most importance for 5G. Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) utilizing power domain and advanced receiver has been considered as a promising candidate MA technology recently. In this paper, the NOMA concept is presented toward future enhancements of spectrum efficiency in lower frequency bands for downlink of 5G system. Key component technologies of NOMA are presented and discussed including multiuser transmission power allocation, scheduling algorithm, receiver design and combination of NOMA with multi-antenna technology. The performance gains of NOMA are evaluated by system-level simulations with very practical assumptions. Under multiple configurations and setups, the achievable system-level gains of NOMA are shown promising even when practical considerations were taken into account.展开更多
Non-orthogonal multiple access （NOMA） has been recognized as a promising multiple access technique for the next generation cel-lular communication networks. In this paper, we first discuss a simple NOMA model with t...Non-orthogonal multiple access （NOMA） has been recognized as a promising multiple access technique for the next generation cel-lular communication networks. In this paper, we first discuss a simple NOMA model with two users served by a single-carrier si-multaneously to illustrate its basic principles. Then, a more general model with multicarrier serving an arbitrary number of users on each subcarrier is also discussed. An overview of existing works on performance analysis, resource allocation, and multiple-in-put multiple-output NOMA are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the key features of NOMA and its potential re-search challenges.展开更多
Serving multiple cell-edge mobile terminals poses multifaceted challenges due to the increased transmission power and interferences, which could be overcome by relay communications. With the recent advancement of 5G t...Serving multiple cell-edge mobile terminals poses multifaceted challenges due to the increased transmission power and interferences, which could be overcome by relay communications. With the recent advancement of 5G technologies, non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) has been used at relay node to transmit multiple messages simultaneously to multiple cell-edge users. In this paper, a Collaborative NOMA Assisted Relaying(CNAR) system for 5G is proposed by enabling the collaboration of source-relay(S-R) and relay-destination(R-D) NOMA links. The relay node of the CNAR decodes the message for itself from S-R NOMA signal and transmits the remaining messages to the multiple cell-edge users in R-D link. A simplified-CNAR(S-CNAR) system is then developed to reduce the relay complexity. The outage probabilities for both systems are analyzed by considering outage behaviors in S-R and R-D links separately. To guarantee the data rate, the optimal power allocation among NOMA users is achieved by minimizing the outage probability. The ergodic sum capacity in high SNR regime is also approximated. Our mathematical analysis and simulation results show that CNAR system outperforms existing transmission strategies and S-CNAR reaches similar performance with much lower complexity.展开更多
文摘AIM： To examine the significance of branched-chain amino acid （BCAA） treatment before transcatheter arterial chemoembolization （rACE） for hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）.METHODS： This study included 99 patients who underwent TACE therapy for HCC at our hospital and were followed up without treatment for at least 6 mo between January 2004 and January 2010. They were divided into 2 groups： those receiving BCAA granules （/7 = 40） or regular diet （n = 59, control）. Data obtained were retrospectively analyzed （prior to TACE, and 1 wk, 1, 3, and 6 mo after TACE） in terms of nutritional condition and clinical laboratory parameters （serum albumin level and Child-Pugh score）, both of which are determinants of hepatic functional reserve.RESULTS： The BCAA group comprised 27 males and 13 females with a mean age of 69,9 ：E 8,8 years, The patients of the BCAA group were classified as follows： Child-Pugh A/B/C in 22/15/3 patients, and Stage Ⅱ/Ⅲ/ /IVA HCC in 12/23/5 patients, respectively. The controlgroup comprised 32 males and 27 females with a mean age of 73.2 ± 10.1 years. In the control group, 9 patients had chronic hepatitis, Child-Pugh A/B/C in 39/10/1 patients, and Stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ/IVA HCC in 1/11/35/12 patients, respectively. Overall, both serum albumin level and Child-Pugh score improved significantly in the BCAA group as compared with the control 3 and 6 mo after TACE （P 〈 0.05）. Further analysis was performed by the following categorization： （1） child-Pugh classification; （2） liver cirrhosis subgroup with a serum albumin level 〉 3.5 g/dL; and （3） epirubicin dose. A similar trend indicating a significant improvement of all variables in the BCAA group was noted （P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION： Treatment with BCAA granules in patients who have undergone TACE for HCC is considered useful to maintain their hepatic functional reserve.
文摘Multiple access(MA) technology is of most importance for 5G. Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) utilizing power domain and advanced receiver has been considered as a promising candidate MA technology recently. In this paper, the NOMA concept is presented toward future enhancements of spectrum efficiency in lower frequency bands for downlink of 5G system. Key component technologies of NOMA are presented and discussed including multiuser transmission power allocation, scheduling algorithm, receiver design and combination of NOMA with multi-antenna technology. The performance gains of NOMA are evaluated by system-level simulations with very practical assumptions. Under multiple configurations and setups, the achievable system-level gains of NOMA are shown promising even when practical considerations were taken into account.
文摘Non-orthogonal multiple access （NOMA） has been recognized as a promising multiple access technique for the next generation cel-lular communication networks. In this paper, we first discuss a simple NOMA model with two users served by a single-carrier si-multaneously to illustrate its basic principles. Then, a more general model with multicarrier serving an arbitrary number of users on each subcarrier is also discussed. An overview of existing works on performance analysis, resource allocation, and multiple-in-put multiple-output NOMA are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the key features of NOMA and its potential re-search challenges.
文摘Serving multiple cell-edge mobile terminals poses multifaceted challenges due to the increased transmission power and interferences, which could be overcome by relay communications. With the recent advancement of 5G technologies, non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) has been used at relay node to transmit multiple messages simultaneously to multiple cell-edge users. In this paper, a Collaborative NOMA Assisted Relaying(CNAR) system for 5G is proposed by enabling the collaboration of source-relay(S-R) and relay-destination(R-D) NOMA links. The relay node of the CNAR decodes the message for itself from S-R NOMA signal and transmits the remaining messages to the multiple cell-edge users in R-D link. A simplified-CNAR(S-CNAR) system is then developed to reduce the relay complexity. The outage probabilities for both systems are analyzed by considering outage behaviors in S-R and R-D links separately. To guarantee the data rate, the optimal power allocation among NOMA users is achieved by minimizing the outage probability. The ergodic sum capacity in high SNR regime is also approximated. Our mathematical analysis and simulation results show that CNAR system outperforms existing transmission strategies and S-CNAR reaches similar performance with much lower complexity.
