土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用是影响作物氮素吸收及氮肥损失的主要因素,为揭示氮肥减量下玉米-大豆套作系统的土壤氮素转化特性及排放规律,利用大田定位试验研究了3种模式(玉米单作MM、大豆单作MS、玉米-大豆套作IMS)和3种施氮水平(不...土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用是影响作物氮素吸收及氮肥损失的主要因素,为揭示氮肥减量下玉米-大豆套作系统的土壤氮素转化特性及排放规律,利用大田定位试验研究了3种模式(玉米单作MM、大豆单作MS、玉米-大豆套作IMS)和3种施氮水平(不施氮NN:0;减量施氮RN:180 kg hm^(–2);常量施氮CN:240 kg hm^(–2))对土壤硝化作用、氨化作用、固氮作用及氨挥发、N_2O排放、NO_3~–-N累积的影响。结果表明,IMS较相应单作提高了土壤硝化和氨化作用, IMS的氨挥发损失率和N_2O损失率较MM降低21.6%和29.7%;IMS下玉米土壤的NO_3~–-N积累量显著高于MM,而大豆土壤的NO_3~–-N积累量显著低于MS。各施氮处理间, RN较CN降低了玉米土壤的氨化与硝化作用,增加了大豆土壤的硝化和固氮作用。IMS下RN的玉米、大豆全生育期固氮作用较CN增加29.7%和32.0%,年均氨挥发总量和N_2O排放量较CN降低37.2%和41.0%。玉米-大豆套作系统在减量施氮下通过提高土壤氮素氨化、硝化与固氮作用,减少氮素排放损失,增强耕层土壤NO_3~–-N积累,为作物氮素吸收提供了充足氮源。展开更多
Unlike inorganic quantum dots,fluorescent graphene quantum dots(GQDs)display excitation-dependent multiple color emission.In this study,we report N-doped GQDs(N-GQDs)with tailored single color emission by tuning p-con...Unlike inorganic quantum dots,fluorescent graphene quantum dots(GQDs)display excitation-dependent multiple color emission.In this study,we report N-doped GQDs(N-GQDs)with tailored single color emission by tuning p-conjugation degree,which is comparable to the inorganic quantum dot.Starting from citric acid and diethylenetriamine,as prepared N-GQDs display blue,green,and yellow light emission by changing the reaction solvent from water,dimethylformamide(DMF),and solvent free.The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,ultraviolet-visible spectra results clearly show the N-GQDs with blue emission(N-GQDs-B)have relatively short effective conjugation length and more carboxyl group because H_(2)O is a polar protic solvent,which tends to donate proton to the reagent to depress the H_(2)O elimination reaction.On the other hand,the polar aprotic solvent(DMF)cannot donate hydrogen,the elimination of H_(2)O is promoted and more nitrogen units enter GQD framework.With the increase of effective p-conjugation length and N content,the emission band of N-GQDS red-shifts to green and yellow.We also demonstrate that N-GQDs could be a potential great biomarker for fluorescent bioimaging.展开更多
文摘土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用是影响作物氮素吸收及氮肥损失的主要因素,为揭示氮肥减量下玉米-大豆套作系统的土壤氮素转化特性及排放规律,利用大田定位试验研究了3种模式(玉米单作MM、大豆单作MS、玉米-大豆套作IMS)和3种施氮水平(不施氮NN:0;减量施氮RN:180 kg hm^(–2);常量施氮CN:240 kg hm^(–2))对土壤硝化作用、氨化作用、固氮作用及氨挥发、N_2O排放、NO_3~–-N累积的影响。结果表明,IMS较相应单作提高了土壤硝化和氨化作用, IMS的氨挥发损失率和N_2O损失率较MM降低21.6%和29.7%;IMS下玉米土壤的NO_3~–-N积累量显著高于MM,而大豆土壤的NO_3~–-N积累量显著低于MS。各施氮处理间, RN较CN降低了玉米土壤的氨化与硝化作用,增加了大豆土壤的硝化和固氮作用。IMS下RN的玉米、大豆全生育期固氮作用较CN增加29.7%和32.0%,年均氨挥发总量和N_2O排放量较CN降低37.2%和41.0%。玉米-大豆套作系统在减量施氮下通过提高土壤氮素氨化、硝化与固氮作用,减少氮素排放损失,增强耕层土壤NO_3~–-N积累,为作物氮素吸收提供了充足氮源。
基金The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21301166,21201159,61306081,and 61176016)Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province(No.20130522127JH)are gratefully acknowledged+1 种基金ZS thanks the support of the‘Hundred Talent Program’of CAS and Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program of JilinThe project was supported by Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry and the open research fund program of the State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications.
文摘Unlike inorganic quantum dots,fluorescent graphene quantum dots(GQDs)display excitation-dependent multiple color emission.In this study,we report N-doped GQDs(N-GQDs)with tailored single color emission by tuning p-conjugation degree,which is comparable to the inorganic quantum dot.Starting from citric acid and diethylenetriamine,as prepared N-GQDs display blue,green,and yellow light emission by changing the reaction solvent from water,dimethylformamide(DMF),and solvent free.The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,ultraviolet-visible spectra results clearly show the N-GQDs with blue emission(N-GQDs-B)have relatively short effective conjugation length and more carboxyl group because H_(2)O is a polar protic solvent,which tends to donate proton to the reagent to depress the H_(2)O elimination reaction.On the other hand,the polar aprotic solvent(DMF)cannot donate hydrogen,the elimination of H_(2)O is promoted and more nitrogen units enter GQD framework.With the increase of effective p-conjugation length and N content,the emission band of N-GQDS red-shifts to green and yellow.We also demonstrate that N-GQDs could be a potential great biomarker for fluorescent bioimaging.
