Essential tremor, also referred to as familial tremor, is an autosomal dominant genetic disease and the most common movement disorder. It typically involves a postural and motor tremor of the hands, head or other part...Essential tremor, also referred to as familial tremor, is an autosomal dominant genetic disease and the most common movement disorder. It typically involves a postural and motor tremor of the hands, head or other part of the body. Essential tremor is driven by a central oscillation signal in the brain. However, the corticospinal mechanisms involved in the generation of essential tremor are unclear. Therefore, in this study, we used a neural computational model that includes both monosynaptic and multisynaptic corticospinal pathways interacting with a propriospinal neuronal network. A virtual arm model is driven by the central oscillation signal to simulate tremor activity behavior. Cortical descending commands are classified as alpha or gamma through monosynaptic or multisynaptic corticospinal pathways, which converge respectively on alpha or gamma motoneurons in the spinal cord. Several scenarios are evaluated based on the central oscillation signal passing down to the spinal motoneurons via each descending pathway. The simulated behaviors are compared with clinical essential tremor characteristics to identify the corticospinal pathways responsible for transmitting the central oscillation signal. A propriospinal neuron with strong cortical inhibition performs a gating function in the generation of essential tremor. Our results indicate that the propriospinal neuronal network is essential for relaying the central oscillation signal and the production of essential tremor.展开更多
TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+(TASK) channels give rise to leak K+ currents which influence the resting membrane potential and input resistance. The wide expression of TASK1 and TASK3 channels in the central nervous s...TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+(TASK) channels give rise to leak K+ currents which influence the resting membrane potential and input resistance. The wide expression of TASK1 and TASK3 channels in the central nervous system suggests that these channels are critically involved in neurological disorders. It has become apparent in the past decade that TASK channels play critical roles for the development of various neurological disorders. In this review, I describe evidence for their roles in ischemia, epilepsy, learning/memory/cognition and apoptosis.展开更多
AIM： To compare a group of patients with consecutive exotropia with patients who had ≤ 10 prism diopters （PD） esotropia or no deviation postoperatively in terms of probable clinical risk factors for the developmen...AIM： To compare a group of patients with consecutive exotropia with patients who had ≤ 10 prism diopters （PD） esotropia or no deviation postoperatively in terms of probable clinical risk factors for the development of consecutive exotropia. METHODS： The study recruited fourteen patients who developed consecutive exodeviation during follow-up period after the correction of esotropia who were categorized as group 1 and thirty-one patients who had still ≤10 PD esotropia or no deviation at the final visit that were considered as group 2. Clinical risk factors leading the development of consecutive deviation were analyzed as the main outcome measures. RESULTS： The mean age of patients was 4.57±3.11y in group 1 and 5.10±3.52y in group 2 （P=0.634）. There was no significant difference of preoperative near and distant deviations among two groups （P =0.835, 0.928 respectively）. The mean amount of medial rectus recession and lateral rectus resection was similar in both groups （P=0.412, 0.648 respectively）. Convergence insufficiency and neurological diseases were more frequent in group 1 （P-0.007, 0.045）. Accompanying neurological disease was found to be as a significant factor increasing the risk of the development of consecutive exotropia significantly [odds ratios （OR）： 5.75 （1.04-31.93）]. CONCLUSION： Accompanying neurological disease appears to be a significant clinical risk factor for the development of consecutive exodeviation during postoperative follow-up after the correction of esotropia. However, larger studies are needed in order to interpret the results to the clinical practice and to ascertain other concurrent risk factors.展开更多
Context: Neurologic disorders are common in patients on maintenance haemodialysis (MHD). Data in Sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. Aim: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of neurological disorders amongst...Context: Neurologic disorders are common in patients on maintenance haemodialysis (MHD). Data in Sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. Aim: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of neurological disorders amongst patients on MHD in Cameroon. Settings and Design: This was a four-month cross-sectional study carried out at the Douala General Hospital (DGH) a tertiary referral hospital in Cameroon. Methods: The diagnosis of neuropathy was made using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI), neuropathic pain with the DN4 score, Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) with the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group questionnaire (IRLSSG) and cognitive disorders with the Mini-Mental State Examination test (MMS). Student T and Chi-square tests were used to compare qualitative and quantitative variables. The level of significance was set at p Results: A total of 157 patients were included with 65% being males. The mean age was 48.8 ± 13.7 years. The main comorbidities were hypertension (90.4%), diabetes (19.1%), hepatitis C (10.5%) and HIV infection (10.8%). The median dialysis vintage was 36 (1 - 178) months. The overall prevalence of neurological disorders was 85.4%. The leading type was sensory polyneuropathy (57.3%), cognitive dysfunction (52.9%), neuropathic pain (23%), and restless legs syndrome (17.8%). Male gender was statistically associated with neuropathic pain, while age ≥ 40 years and diabetes were associated with sensory neuropathy and RLS. Conclusions: The burden of neurological disorders is high among patients on MHD as up to 4/5 of them had neurological involvement dominated by sensory polyneuropathy and cognitive dysfunction.展开更多
Background: Neurological disorder is identified as a severe cause of mortality among the patients. Given the severity of the disorder, various tools have been developed for the effective scanning of the symptoms and c...Background: Neurological disorder is identified as a severe cause of mortality among the patients. Given the severity of the disorder, various tools have been developed for the effective scanning of the symptoms and causes. Objective: The study intends to compare the two advanced neuroimaging tools i.e. computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessing the patients of the possible brain, stroke, and neurological disorders concern their neurological symptoms and signs. Method: The retrospective study was conducted and medical records of 151 patients were assessed statistically. Chi-square test was applied to the collected data. Results: The results of the study provided that multiple seizures (15.2%) served as the major cause of examination, followed by a headache (9.9%), visual complaint (7.9%), single seizure (5.3%), gait abnormality (3.3%) and altered consciousness (2.6%);whereas, speech difficulty remained low (1.3%). CT scan findings of the patients reported parieto-temporal area and development of acute hypo densities as the prime concerns, where its results remained insignificant (0.29). Using MRI, unremarkable MRI was majorly reported, followed by lateralized to one side, stable MRI feature, bilateral symptoms, and ischemic disease. The results of MRI were significant (0.00). Conclusion: The study concludes that magnetic resonance imaging is more effective for the evaluation of the neurological disorders as compared to CT scan.展开更多
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells(MSCs) are multipotent cells under consideration as a potential new therapy for a variety of inflammatory diseases including certain neurological disorders. It is generally thought that t...Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells(MSCs) are multipotent cells under consideration as a potential new therapy for a variety of inflammatory diseases including certain neurological disorders. It is generally thought that the efficacy of cell therapy in attenuating damage after ischemia, inflammation, or injury depends on the quantity of transplanted cells recruited to the target tissue. However, only a small number of systematically infused MSCs can effectively migrate to target sites, which significantly decreases the efficacy of exogenous cell-based therapy. In this review, we discuss specific factors influencing MSC migration, and summarize current strategies that effectively promote the motility of MSCs. In addition, we describe several protocols to improve the migration of stromal cells into the nervous system and, therefore,enhance the efficiency of engraftment as means of treating neurological disorders.展开更多
<em>Background: </em>The integration of different imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assists clinicians in diagnosing several neurological diseases a...<em>Background: </em>The integration of different imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assists clinicians in diagnosing several neurological diseases at an initial stage, thereby inhibiting their development into serious medical conditions. With respect to the severity of neurological diseases and the increasing popularity of imaging tools, the current study has evaluated the findings of CT and MRI in examining neurological disorders. <em>Methods: </em>A retrospective study was conducted at the faculty of applied medical sciences, King Abdul-Aziz University from September 2017 to 2018 including details of 43 patients with complaints of potential neurological disturbances such as headache, oligodendroglioma, CNS infiltration, hypoxia, weakness, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. The history of patients including their age, gender, reason for examination and findings of CT and MRI was evaluated in the study. <em>Results: </em>The results showed that patients in the age group of 21 to 40 years were more prone to developing neurological disorders. The major reasons for neurological examination in individuals were found to be headaches (n = 7), multiple sclerosis (n = 5) and epilepsy (n = 3). The evaluation of patients’ records revealed that only 4 patients underwent CT scans;however, all of them went through the MRI. Statistically significant results were obtained for the patients scanned and examined through MRI rather than CT. <em>Conclusions: </em>The results revealed MRI as more successful in diagnosing different neurological conditions in comparison with CT scan. The study further suggests that MRI can be used as an integral diagnostic approach for neurological understanding of major diseases of the central nervous system.展开更多
Objective: Migraine, a common chronic neurological disorder involves a pathophysiology having both multiple genetic and environmental factors. 5, 10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) involved in folate metab...Objective: Migraine, a common chronic neurological disorder involves a pathophysiology having both multiple genetic and environmental factors. 5, 10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) involved in folate metabolism has an important role in a cell for folate availability which is critical for DNA integrity. Methods: This case-control study conducted in Srinagar, Kashmir (North India) between 2013 and 2015 was designed to evaluate risk induced due to MTH-FR 677C>T gene polymorphisms to contribute in susceptibility for migraine in Kashmir population (North India). Using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, we tested the genotype distribution of 100 migraine patients in comparison with 120 healthy migraine-free controls from the same geographical region. Results: The genotypic frequencies of the patients and controls were not significantly associated (p > 0.05). Higher distribution of TT mutant genotype was found in controls as against the cases (5% versus 1%) but association was not significant (p > 0.05). Per copy frequency of T allele (Val) was found to be 0.14 in cases versus 0.19 in controls (p 0.05). Similar scenario was observed when migraine without aura was compared with controls where variant genotype (16% cases versus 39.0% controls: p > 0.05) as well as allele frequency was found to be less in cases (cases 0.15 versus 0.19 controls: p > 0.05). Conclusions: We conclude that MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism has no role in predisposition to the migraine in our population and cannot serve as a predictive factor for the risk of migraine.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.61361160415,81271684,81501570the Major State Basic Research Development of China(973 Program),No.2011CB013304+1 种基金the Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Grant from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China,No.YG2014ZD09a grant from the Youth Eastern Scholar Program at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning in China,No.QD2015007
文摘Essential tremor, also referred to as familial tremor, is an autosomal dominant genetic disease and the most common movement disorder. It typically involves a postural and motor tremor of the hands, head or other part of the body. Essential tremor is driven by a central oscillation signal in the brain. However, the corticospinal mechanisms involved in the generation of essential tremor are unclear. Therefore, in this study, we used a neural computational model that includes both monosynaptic and multisynaptic corticospinal pathways interacting with a propriospinal neuronal network. A virtual arm model is driven by the central oscillation signal to simulate tremor activity behavior. Cortical descending commands are classified as alpha or gamma through monosynaptic or multisynaptic corticospinal pathways, which converge respectively on alpha or gamma motoneurons in the spinal cord. Several scenarios are evaluated based on the central oscillation signal passing down to the spinal motoneurons via each descending pathway. The simulated behaviors are compared with clinical essential tremor characteristics to identify the corticospinal pathways responsible for transmitting the central oscillation signal. A propriospinal neuron with strong cortical inhibition performs a gating function in the generation of essential tremor. Our results indicate that the propriospinal neuronal network is essential for relaying the central oscillation signal and the production of essential tremor.
文摘TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+(TASK) channels give rise to leak K+ currents which influence the resting membrane potential and input resistance. The wide expression of TASK1 and TASK3 channels in the central nervous system suggests that these channels are critically involved in neurological disorders. It has become apparent in the past decade that TASK channels play critical roles for the development of various neurological disorders. In this review, I describe evidence for their roles in ischemia, epilepsy, learning/memory/cognition and apoptosis.
文摘AIM： To compare a group of patients with consecutive exotropia with patients who had ≤ 10 prism diopters （PD） esotropia or no deviation postoperatively in terms of probable clinical risk factors for the development of consecutive exotropia. METHODS： The study recruited fourteen patients who developed consecutive exodeviation during follow-up period after the correction of esotropia who were categorized as group 1 and thirty-one patients who had still ≤10 PD esotropia or no deviation at the final visit that were considered as group 2. Clinical risk factors leading the development of consecutive deviation were analyzed as the main outcome measures. RESULTS： The mean age of patients was 4.57±3.11y in group 1 and 5.10±3.52y in group 2 （P=0.634）. There was no significant difference of preoperative near and distant deviations among two groups （P =0.835, 0.928 respectively）. The mean amount of medial rectus recession and lateral rectus resection was similar in both groups （P=0.412, 0.648 respectively）. Convergence insufficiency and neurological diseases were more frequent in group 1 （P-0.007, 0.045）. Accompanying neurological disease was found to be as a significant factor increasing the risk of the development of consecutive exotropia significantly [odds ratios （OR）： 5.75 （1.04-31.93）]. CONCLUSION： Accompanying neurological disease appears to be a significant clinical risk factor for the development of consecutive exodeviation during postoperative follow-up after the correction of esotropia. However, larger studies are needed in order to interpret the results to the clinical practice and to ascertain other concurrent risk factors.
文摘Context: Neurologic disorders are common in patients on maintenance haemodialysis (MHD). Data in Sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. Aim: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of neurological disorders amongst patients on MHD in Cameroon. Settings and Design: This was a four-month cross-sectional study carried out at the Douala General Hospital (DGH) a tertiary referral hospital in Cameroon. Methods: The diagnosis of neuropathy was made using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI), neuropathic pain with the DN4 score, Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) with the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group questionnaire (IRLSSG) and cognitive disorders with the Mini-Mental State Examination test (MMS). Student T and Chi-square tests were used to compare qualitative and quantitative variables. The level of significance was set at p Results: A total of 157 patients were included with 65% being males. The mean age was 48.8 ± 13.7 years. The main comorbidities were hypertension (90.4%), diabetes (19.1%), hepatitis C (10.5%) and HIV infection (10.8%). The median dialysis vintage was 36 (1 - 178) months. The overall prevalence of neurological disorders was 85.4%. The leading type was sensory polyneuropathy (57.3%), cognitive dysfunction (52.9%), neuropathic pain (23%), and restless legs syndrome (17.8%). Male gender was statistically associated with neuropathic pain, while age ≥ 40 years and diabetes were associated with sensory neuropathy and RLS. Conclusions: The burden of neurological disorders is high among patients on MHD as up to 4/5 of them had neurological involvement dominated by sensory polyneuropathy and cognitive dysfunction.
文摘Background: Neurological disorder is identified as a severe cause of mortality among the patients. Given the severity of the disorder, various tools have been developed for the effective scanning of the symptoms and causes. Objective: The study intends to compare the two advanced neuroimaging tools i.e. computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessing the patients of the possible brain, stroke, and neurological disorders concern their neurological symptoms and signs. Method: The retrospective study was conducted and medical records of 151 patients were assessed statistically. Chi-square test was applied to the collected data. Results: The results of the study provided that multiple seizures (15.2%) served as the major cause of examination, followed by a headache (9.9%), visual complaint (7.9%), single seizure (5.3%), gait abnormality (3.3%) and altered consciousness (2.6%);whereas, speech difficulty remained low (1.3%). CT scan findings of the patients reported parieto-temporal area and development of acute hypo densities as the prime concerns, where its results remained insignificant (0.29). Using MRI, unremarkable MRI was majorly reported, followed by lateralized to one side, stable MRI feature, bilateral symptoms, and ischemic disease. The results of MRI were significant (0.00). Conclusion: The study concludes that magnetic resonance imaging is more effective for the evaluation of the neurological disorders as compared to CT scan.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81471201 and 81171089)
文摘Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells(MSCs) are multipotent cells under consideration as a potential new therapy for a variety of inflammatory diseases including certain neurological disorders. It is generally thought that the efficacy of cell therapy in attenuating damage after ischemia, inflammation, or injury depends on the quantity of transplanted cells recruited to the target tissue. However, only a small number of systematically infused MSCs can effectively migrate to target sites, which significantly decreases the efficacy of exogenous cell-based therapy. In this review, we discuss specific factors influencing MSC migration, and summarize current strategies that effectively promote the motility of MSCs. In addition, we describe several protocols to improve the migration of stromal cells into the nervous system and, therefore,enhance the efficiency of engraftment as means of treating neurological disorders.
文摘<em>Background: </em>The integration of different imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assists clinicians in diagnosing several neurological diseases at an initial stage, thereby inhibiting their development into serious medical conditions. With respect to the severity of neurological diseases and the increasing popularity of imaging tools, the current study has evaluated the findings of CT and MRI in examining neurological disorders. <em>Methods: </em>A retrospective study was conducted at the faculty of applied medical sciences, King Abdul-Aziz University from September 2017 to 2018 including details of 43 patients with complaints of potential neurological disturbances such as headache, oligodendroglioma, CNS infiltration, hypoxia, weakness, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. The history of patients including their age, gender, reason for examination and findings of CT and MRI was evaluated in the study. <em>Results: </em>The results showed that patients in the age group of 21 to 40 years were more prone to developing neurological disorders. The major reasons for neurological examination in individuals were found to be headaches (n = 7), multiple sclerosis (n = 5) and epilepsy (n = 3). The evaluation of patients’ records revealed that only 4 patients underwent CT scans;however, all of them went through the MRI. Statistically significant results were obtained for the patients scanned and examined through MRI rather than CT. <em>Conclusions: </em>The results revealed MRI as more successful in diagnosing different neurological conditions in comparison with CT scan. The study further suggests that MRI can be used as an integral diagnostic approach for neurological understanding of major diseases of the central nervous system.
文摘Objective: Migraine, a common chronic neurological disorder involves a pathophysiology having both multiple genetic and environmental factors. 5, 10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) involved in folate metabolism has an important role in a cell for folate availability which is critical for DNA integrity. Methods: This case-control study conducted in Srinagar, Kashmir (North India) between 2013 and 2015 was designed to evaluate risk induced due to MTH-FR 677C>T gene polymorphisms to contribute in susceptibility for migraine in Kashmir population (North India). Using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, we tested the genotype distribution of 100 migraine patients in comparison with 120 healthy migraine-free controls from the same geographical region. Results: The genotypic frequencies of the patients and controls were not significantly associated (p > 0.05). Higher distribution of TT mutant genotype was found in controls as against the cases (5% versus 1%) but association was not significant (p > 0.05). Per copy frequency of T allele (Val) was found to be 0.14 in cases versus 0.19 in controls (p 0.05). Similar scenario was observed when migraine without aura was compared with controls where variant genotype (16% cases versus 39.0% controls: p > 0.05) as well as allele frequency was found to be less in cases (cases 0.15 versus 0.19 controls: p > 0.05). Conclusions: We conclude that MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism has no role in predisposition to the migraine in our population and cannot serve as a predictive factor for the risk of migraine.
