研究标本均为Protoryctoce phalusarcticus Geyer and Peel,2011的蜕壳标本,保存于贵州剑河八郎村寒武纪第2世的清虚洞组中,头部、胸部、尾部都得以保存,且胸部与尾部未分离。该类三叶虫可能经历了3个时期的蜕壳过程:1)头部进行上下弯曲...研究标本均为Protoryctoce phalusarcticus Geyer and Peel,2011的蜕壳标本,保存于贵州剑河八郎村寒武纪第2世的清虚洞组中,头部、胸部、尾部都得以保存,且胸部与尾部未分离。该类三叶虫可能经历了3个时期的蜕壳过程:1)头部进行上下弯曲,水阻力造成两侧活动颊受到的压力明显大于头盖,这种压力可能导致面线出现裂缝,之后海水通过裂缝进入头部,新头部活动范围增大,并利用水压力降低旧头盖与新头盖的连接程度;2)虫体携带着旧胸尾及其他相连接的部分向前爬行,并在短距离内将旧头盖与虫体分开;3)虫体通过不同的爬行方式摆脱旧壳。本文还重点讨论三叶虫蜕壳过程中首断裂缝的产生、胸尾是否分离的原因、头部运动方向对旧壳保存的影响、以及水动力和水压力在蜕壳过程中的作用。该研究补充oryctocephalids三叶虫的蜕壳研究,为三叶虫的系统演化、个体发育的再研究提供一定的支撑。展开更多
In order to discover highly active ecdysone analogs, a series of new substituted pyrazole amide derivatives were obtained using structure-guided optimization method and further screened for their insecticidal activiti...In order to discover highly active ecdysone analogs, a series of new substituted pyrazole amide derivatives were obtained using structure-guided optimization method and further screened for their insecticidal activities, in the basis of the core structures of the two active compounds N-（3-methoxyphenyl）-3-（tert-butyl）-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide（6e） and N-（4-（tert-butyl）phenyl）-3-（tert-butyl）-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide（6i）, previously presented by us. The chemical structures of the title compounds were identified by spectral analyses. The preliminary bioassay results indicated that one among the synthesized pyrazole derivatives, compound 34, endowed with good activity against Mythimna Separata at 10 mg/L, which was equal to that displayed by the positive control tebufenozide. In addition, examples of molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies demonstrated that 34 may be the potential inhibitor to Ec R and its docking conformation was similar to that of tebufenozide. In addition, increasing the hydrophobic effect and considering the suitable bulk effect on pyrazole ring are beneficial to the inhibiting activity to Ec R and activity in vivo.展开更多
Growth in arthropods in general and in insects in particular, is supposed to be discontinuous and occurs during moulting. In Culicidae in general and <i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"&...Growth in arthropods in general and in insects in particular, is supposed to be discontinuous and occurs during moulting. In Culicidae in general and <i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Anopheles</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in particular, the number of moults is five with the fourth which gives the pupae. It is known that moulting in insects is a genetic and physio</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">logical phenomenon. Most physiological reactions are triggered by chemical or physical stimuli. The pressure exerted by the growth of the larval body on the exocuticle is one of the triggers of moulting. The objective of this work was therefore to determine the exact timing of the first three moults that determine the growth of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">An. gambiae</span></i></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> larvae from egg hatch to pupation to highlight the role of increased larval size in the stimulation of moulting. We therefore, undertook to rear larvae of this anopheline species</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in the laboratory under conditions close to their natural environment from hatching to pupation. The length and width of the head, thorax and abdomen were recorded daily. Data analysis showed that the size of the head and thorax remained constant for the first three days (D0 to D2) of development and ab</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">domen’s length for the first two days and then increased daily until day seven (D7) when it stopped. These observations led us to say that the M1 moult occurs at end of the third day of development and the M3 moult at end of the eighth day;the M2 moult could not be determined. All these observations led </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to the conclusion that the larval growth of <i> </i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">An. gambiae</span></i></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> has a continuous</span><span style="font-family:Verda展开更多
Effect of salinity on survival,feeding behavior and growth of juvenile swimming crab P ortunus trituberculatus was investigated under 5 salinity levels of 5,10,20,30 and 40. The results show that the crab juveniles fe...Effect of salinity on survival,feeding behavior and growth of juvenile swimming crab P ortunus trituberculatus was investigated under 5 salinity levels of 5,10,20,30 and 40. The results show that the crab juveniles fed 2 or 3 times at the salinity 20 and 30,each lasted for about 25 minutes,for a total feeding time of 73.2±22.65 minutes per day. At these salinities,there were significantly higher in the frequency of feeding and in total feeding time than those at lower salinities of 5 and 10. All crab juveniles moulted when reared at a salinity of 20 during the 5 days duration of the experiment,which is significantly higher than those at other salinities. All juveniles survived at salinity 20,and the survivorship was not significantly different from that at 30,but was signif icantly higher than those at other salinities. The crab juveniles reared at a salinity of 20 had the highest value of food ration of 0.190 8±0.011 3 g/g BW,average body weight gain of 0.796±0.128 g,gain rate of 87%–96%,and food conversion ratio of 1.20±0.09. There was no significant difference in the values found between 20 and 30 but these values were significantly lower than that at the other salinities( P> 0.05). Highest activities of digestive enzymes(Amylase,Protease,Lipase) and lowest activities of protective enzymes(SOD,PO,CAT) were also obtained on crab juveniles reared at salinity of 20.展开更多
Ecdysis is a comm on phe nomenon that happe ns throughout the life phase of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii.It is vital to better understand the correlation between cannibalism and biochemical com...Ecdysis is a comm on phe nomenon that happe ns throughout the life phase of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii.It is vital to better understand the correlation between cannibalism and biochemical compound that exists during the moulting process.The objective of the present study was to determine the amino acid profile released by M.rosenbergii during the ecdysis process that promotes cannibalism.To accomplish this,changes in amino acid levels(total amino acid(TAA)and free amino acid(FAA))of tissue muscle,exoskeleton,and sample water of culture medium from the moulting(E-stage)and non-moulting(C-stage)prawns were analysed using highperformanee liquid chromatography(HPLC).Comparison study revealed that among the TAA compounds,proline and sarcosine of tissues from moulting prawn were found at the highest levels.The level of FAA from water that contains moulting prawns(E-stage)was dominated by tryptophan and proline.Significant values obtained in the present study suggested that these amino acid compounds act as a chemical cue to promote cannibalism in M.rosenbergii during ecdysis.The knowledge of compositions and compounds that were released during the moulting process should be helpful for better understanding of the mechanism and chemical cues that play roles on triggering cannibalism,and also for future dietary man ipulati on to improve feeding efficie ncies and feeding man agement,which in directly impacts productivity and profitability.展开更多
产于贵州剑河县八郎松山剖面"清虚洞组"的褶颊虫类三叶虫丹寨南皋盾甲虫Nangaops danzhaiensis Zhou in Lu et al., 1974化石标本共36块,通过对化石的详细观察将其保存状态分为3种:32块为完整保存的状态,身体各部分没有发生移...产于贵州剑河县八郎松山剖面"清虚洞组"的褶颊虫类三叶虫丹寨南皋盾甲虫Nangaops danzhaiensis Zhou in Lu et al., 1974化石标本共36块,通过对化石的详细观察将其保存状态分为3种:32块为完整保存的状态,身体各部分没有发生移位;3块标本头部均没有活动颊保存;1块标本头部没有活动颊保存,第4–11节的胸节左右位置出现活动颊,与胸节重叠,于背甲之下。活动颊的颊刺朝向头盖方向,明显经过180°的翻转。根据化石保存状态判断后4块为蜕壳标本,推测蜕壳过程如下:面线开裂,海水进入体内,活动颊和腹边缘板向下翻转,新虫体爬出,留下老壳。三叶虫蜕壳是原地埋藏的证明,本文描述的Nangaops danzhaiensis的蜕壳现象,为剑河生物群是原地埋藏为主提供了新证据。展开更多
文摘研究标本均为Protoryctoce phalusarcticus Geyer and Peel,2011的蜕壳标本,保存于贵州剑河八郎村寒武纪第2世的清虚洞组中,头部、胸部、尾部都得以保存,且胸部与尾部未分离。该类三叶虫可能经历了3个时期的蜕壳过程:1)头部进行上下弯曲,水阻力造成两侧活动颊受到的压力明显大于头盖,这种压力可能导致面线出现裂缝,之后海水通过裂缝进入头部,新头部活动范围增大,并利用水压力降低旧头盖与新头盖的连接程度;2)虫体携带着旧胸尾及其他相连接的部分向前爬行,并在短距离内将旧头盖与虫体分开;3)虫体通过不同的爬行方式摆脱旧壳。本文还重点讨论三叶虫蜕壳过程中首断裂缝的产生、胸尾是否分离的原因、头部运动方向对旧壳保存的影响、以及水动力和水压力在蜕壳过程中的作用。该研究补充oryctocephalids三叶虫的蜕壳研究,为三叶虫的系统演化、个体发育的再研究提供一定的支撑。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21272265)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No.2011AA10A204)
文摘In order to discover highly active ecdysone analogs, a series of new substituted pyrazole amide derivatives were obtained using structure-guided optimization method and further screened for their insecticidal activities, in the basis of the core structures of the two active compounds N-（3-methoxyphenyl）-3-（tert-butyl）-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide（6e） and N-（4-（tert-butyl）phenyl）-3-（tert-butyl）-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide（6i）, previously presented by us. The chemical structures of the title compounds were identified by spectral analyses. The preliminary bioassay results indicated that one among the synthesized pyrazole derivatives, compound 34, endowed with good activity against Mythimna Separata at 10 mg/L, which was equal to that displayed by the positive control tebufenozide. In addition, examples of molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies demonstrated that 34 may be the potential inhibitor to Ec R and its docking conformation was similar to that of tebufenozide. In addition, increasing the hydrophobic effect and considering the suitable bulk effect on pyrazole ring are beneficial to the inhibiting activity to Ec R and activity in vivo.
文摘Growth in arthropods in general and in insects in particular, is supposed to be discontinuous and occurs during moulting. In Culicidae in general and <i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Anopheles</span></i></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in particular, the number of moults is five with the fourth which gives the pupae. It is known that moulting in insects is a genetic and physio</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">logical phenomenon. Most physiological reactions are triggered by chemical or physical stimuli. The pressure exerted by the growth of the larval body on the exocuticle is one of the triggers of moulting. The objective of this work was therefore to determine the exact timing of the first three moults that determine the growth of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">An. gambiae</span></i></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> larvae from egg hatch to pupation to highlight the role of increased larval size in the stimulation of moulting. We therefore, undertook to rear larvae of this anopheline species</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in the laboratory under conditions close to their natural environment from hatching to pupation. The length and width of the head, thorax and abdomen were recorded daily. Data analysis showed that the size of the head and thorax remained constant for the first three days (D0 to D2) of development and ab</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">domen’s length for the first two days and then increased daily until day seven (D7) when it stopped. These observations led us to say that the M1 moult occurs at end of the third day of development and the M3 moult at end of the eighth day;the M2 moult could not be determined. All these observations led </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to the conclusion that the larval growth of <i> </i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">An. gambiae</span></i></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> has a continuous</span><span style="font-family:Verda
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Team of Marine Crab Industry in Ningbo City(No.2011B81003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41276123)+2 种基金the National Spark Plan Program of China(No.2012GA701048)the Key Project of Ministry of Education,Science and Technology(No.212070)the K C Wong Magana Fund in Ningbo University
文摘Effect of salinity on survival,feeding behavior and growth of juvenile swimming crab P ortunus trituberculatus was investigated under 5 salinity levels of 5,10,20,30 and 40. The results show that the crab juveniles fed 2 or 3 times at the salinity 20 and 30,each lasted for about 25 minutes,for a total feeding time of 73.2±22.65 minutes per day. At these salinities,there were significantly higher in the frequency of feeding and in total feeding time than those at lower salinities of 5 and 10. All crab juveniles moulted when reared at a salinity of 20 during the 5 days duration of the experiment,which is significantly higher than those at other salinities. All juveniles survived at salinity 20,and the survivorship was not significantly different from that at 30,but was signif icantly higher than those at other salinities. The crab juveniles reared at a salinity of 20 had the highest value of food ration of 0.190 8±0.011 3 g/g BW,average body weight gain of 0.796±0.128 g,gain rate of 87%–96%,and food conversion ratio of 1.20±0.09. There was no significant difference in the values found between 20 and 30 but these values were significantly lower than that at the other salinities( P> 0.05). Highest activities of digestive enzymes(Amylase,Protease,Lipase) and lowest activities of protective enzymes(SOD,PO,CAT) were also obtained on crab juveniles reared at salinity of 20.
基金Fundamental Research Grant Scheme from the Ministry of Higher Education,Malaysia(No.59324)。
文摘Ecdysis is a comm on phe nomenon that happe ns throughout the life phase of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii.It is vital to better understand the correlation between cannibalism and biochemical compound that exists during the moulting process.The objective of the present study was to determine the amino acid profile released by M.rosenbergii during the ecdysis process that promotes cannibalism.To accomplish this,changes in amino acid levels(total amino acid(TAA)and free amino acid(FAA))of tissue muscle,exoskeleton,and sample water of culture medium from the moulting(E-stage)and non-moulting(C-stage)prawns were analysed using highperformanee liquid chromatography(HPLC).Comparison study revealed that among the TAA compounds,proline and sarcosine of tissues from moulting prawn were found at the highest levels.The level of FAA from water that contains moulting prawns(E-stage)was dominated by tryptophan and proline.Significant values obtained in the present study suggested that these amino acid compounds act as a chemical cue to promote cannibalism in M.rosenbergii during ecdysis.The knowledge of compositions and compounds that were released during the moulting process should be helpful for better understanding of the mechanism and chemical cues that play roles on triggering cannibalism,and also for future dietary man ipulati on to improve feeding efficie ncies and feeding man agement,which in directly impacts productivity and profitability.
文摘产于贵州剑河县八郎松山剖面"清虚洞组"的褶颊虫类三叶虫丹寨南皋盾甲虫Nangaops danzhaiensis Zhou in Lu et al., 1974化石标本共36块,通过对化石的详细观察将其保存状态分为3种:32块为完整保存的状态,身体各部分没有发生移位;3块标本头部均没有活动颊保存;1块标本头部没有活动颊保存,第4–11节的胸节左右位置出现活动颊,与胸节重叠,于背甲之下。活动颊的颊刺朝向头盖方向,明显经过180°的翻转。根据化石保存状态判断后4块为蜕壳标本,推测蜕壳过程如下:面线开裂,海水进入体内,活动颊和腹边缘板向下翻转,新虫体爬出,留下老壳。三叶虫蜕壳是原地埋藏的证明,本文描述的Nangaops danzhaiensis的蜕壳现象,为剑河生物群是原地埋藏为主提供了新证据。
