Morpho butterfly, famous for its iridescence wing scales, has gradually evolved a diversity of functions and has attracted much attention recently. On the other hand, it is known that the wing surface of Morpho butter...Morpho butterfly, famous for its iridescence wing scales, has gradually evolved a diversity of functions and has attracted much attention recently. On the other hand, it is known that the wing surface of Morpho butterfly has some complex and so- phisticated structures. In fact, they are composed of an alternating multilayer film system of chitin and air layers, which have different refractive indexes. More importantly, these structures can interact strongly with visible light because the feature size of the structures is in the same order of magnitude with light wavelength. It is noteworthy that it is these optical architectures that cause the excellent multifunction including structural color, antireflection, thermal response, selective vapour response, direc- tional adhesion, superhydrophobicity and so on. This review mainly covers the excellent multifunctional features of Morpho butterfly wings with representative functional structures of multilayer film system, photonic crystal and ridges. Then, the mechanism of the structure-based optical multifunction of Morpho butterfly is analyzed. In order to facilitate mechanism analysis, the models of bionic functional structures are reported, as well as the interaction process between the multiscale structures and the external media It is concluded that these functions of Morpho butterfly wings have inevitable and corre- sponding regularity connection with the structural parameters and the dielectric coefficient of the filled medium. At last, the future direction and prospects of this field are briefly addressed. It is hoped that this review could be beneficial to provide some innovative insoirations and new ideas to the researchers in the fields of engineering, biomedicine, and materials science.展开更多
The micro/nano structures of the wing scales in Morpho butterfly are responsible for the structural coloration,with a major part ascribed to interference and diffraction of light.The optical properties of the butterfl...The micro/nano structures of the wing scales in Morpho butterfly are responsible for the structural coloration,with a major part ascribed to interference and diffraction of light.The optical properties of the butterfly wings were investigated by simulating a two-dimensional model using rigorous coupled-wave analysis technique.It is proved that they depend strongly on the structural parameters,incidence angle and refractive index.The peak value and the peak wavelength of the reflection efficiency increase as the vertical periodic thickness increases.The peak value decreases observably,while both of the bandwidth and the peak wavelength increase when the number of the vertical periods decreases.Increase of the horizontal periodic width causes a decrease of the peak value and an increase of the peak wavelength,although the variations are small.The peak value decreases distinctly and the peak wavelength increases as the ambient refractive index increases,which corresponds to the variation in ambient conditions.The research reveals the mechanisms of the brilliant structural color in Morpho butterfly,and is of great significance to the design,manufacture and applications of the bionic micro/nano structures for gas detection.展开更多
Background Bone morphogenetic protein （BMP）-2, alkaline phosphatase （ALP）, and collagen type I are known to play a critical role in the process of bone remodeling. However, the relationship between mechanical stra...Background Bone morphogenetic protein （BMP）-2, alkaline phosphatase （ALP）, and collagen type I are known to play a critical role in the process of bone remodeling. However, the relationship between mechanical strain and the expression of BMP-2, ALP, and COL-I in osteoblasts was still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different magnitudes of mechanical strain on osteoblast morphology and on the expression of BMP-2, ALP, and COL-I. Methods Osteoblast-like cells were flexed at four deformation rates （0, 6%, 12%, and 18% elongation）. The expression of BMP-2 mRNA, ALP, and COL-I in osteoblast-like cells were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The results were subjected to analysis of variance （ANOVA） using SPSS 13.0 statistical software. Results The cells changed to fusiform and grew in the direction of the applied strain after the mechanical strain was loaded. Expression level of the BMP-2, ALP, and COL-I increased magnitude-dependently with mechanical loading in the experimental groups, and the 12% elongation group had the highest expression （P 〈0.05）. Conclusion Mechanical strain can induce morphological change and a magnitude-dependent increase in the expression of BMP-2, ALP, and COL-I mRNA in osteoblast-like cells, which might influence bone remodeling in orthodontic treatment.展开更多
Morpho butterfly wings show brilliant blue color,which has a close relationship with the hierarchical micro/nano structures on the surface of scales.When liquids such as methanol,ethanol and isopropanol with different...Morpho butterfly wings show brilliant blue color,which has a close relationship with the hierarchical micro/nano structures on the surface of scales.When liquids such as methanol,ethanol and isopropanol with different refractive indexes drop onto the scales,the reflectance of wings would decrease.The main peaks of reflectance shift to the right and the scales turn to yel-low-green.After the liquids volatilizes completely,the scales revert to the original blue color.The typical micro/nano struc-tures of Morpho butterfly wing scales are modeled,and the reflectance variation in the course of dropping liquids is simulated.Furthermore,the principal component analysis(PCA) method is employed to analyze the experimental and simulation reflec-tance data,extract principal components and reduce dimensions.As a result,the curves mapping the reflectance variation are clearly shown in the coordinate system consisting of three principal components.The typical color variation of scales during the dropping process could be monitored,and different kinds of liquids could be obviously distinguished according to the dis-tributed regions of mapping points.This study provides guidance to environmental media detecting as well as data processing,and enhances the fabrication and application of the mimic Morpho butterfly wings micro/nano structures.展开更多
Confluences act as critical nodes in a river system.They affect hydrodynamics,sediment transport,bed morphology,and eco-hydraulics of the river system.Convergence of streams produces the complex mechanism of flow mome...Confluences act as critical nodes in a river system.They affect hydrodynamics,sediment transport,bed morphology,and eco-hydraulics of the river system.Convergence of streams produces the complex mechanism of flow momentum and mass mixing which may affect the aquatic environment locally and even lasting for a long distance downstream.The confluence creates a hotspot for the river system’s ecological change,which usually leads to changes in water temperature,suspended-sediment load,bed material,nutrient concentrations,water chemistry,and organic-matter content.Hence,the dynamics of river confluences are very complex and have critical effects on river system’s water environment and ecology.For this reason,a review summarizing turbulent flow,sediment transport,morphological-dynamics,mixing processes,and their effects on the ecology of the aquatic environment at river confluences is in order.A future research agenda and opportunities pertinent to river confluence are vitally emphasized as a multidisciplinary research topic.展开更多
The relationship between process and form has been at the core of research in fluvial geomorphology. Form-process relationships of a natural river basin are strongly influenced by its hydrologic and sedimentologic pro...The relationship between process and form has been at the core of research in fluvial geomorphology. Form-process relationships of a natural river basin are strongly influenced by its hydrologic and sedimentologic processes as basin morphometric properties of length, shape, and relief, change in response to various hydrologic stimuli from the environment, but usually in line with well established laws. In the four fiver basins （Orashi, Otamiri, Sombreiro, New Calabar） examined in this study, however, empirical evidence does not conform neatly with theoretical postulates. Remarkable variations are noted in the molphometric properties of the catchments, when compared with established morphometric laws. The most varied in conformity are the Orashi and New Calabar basins, although the Sombreiro and Otamiri catchments also show some level of variation. Prime explanation for the morphometric and topographic non-conformity is caused by the nature of surficial material and the profoundly shallow relief of much of the study area, especially the alluvial flood and deltaic plains to the south and south-west of the study area.展开更多
Effects of light intensity on growth, development and formation on Fagopy- rum cymosum were explored with natural light intensities at 100%（A）, 85.2%（B）, 75.8%（C） and 59.7%（D）. The results showed that the decl...Effects of light intensity on growth, development and formation on Fagopy- rum cymosum were explored with natural light intensities at 100%（A）, 85.2%（B）, 75.8%（C） and 59.7%（D）. The results showed that the decline of light intensity re- duced nutrient growth period, so that plant growth stage entered in advance and extended, which indicated that the decline of light intensity would lower leaf number and area, the number of twigs from the stem, as well as photosynthate. Further- more, the reduction degree increased upon light intensity decrease degree, and the proper shading improved stem height and leaf area enhanced before growth term.展开更多
The purpose of this article is twofold.First,it explores the order of the development of nominal and verbal gender of Amharic,which is one of the Ethio-Semitic languages.Second,it provides empirical evidence for the t...The purpose of this article is twofold.First,it explores the order of the development of nominal and verbal gender of Amharic,which is one of the Ethio-Semitic languages.Second,it provides empirical evidence for the typological plausibility of processability theory(PT).In fact,PT has been tested in typologically different languages(e.g.,English,Italian,and Japan);however,it does not have any validation from Ethiopian languages in general and Ethio-Semitic languages in particular yet.Relevant data was collected from sixteen respondents via picture description tasks,short storytelling,interviews,story re-telling,and spot the difference tasks.Distributional analysis was conducted for the analysis,and the point of emergence of target structures was determined using the emergence criteria.Accordingly,the result shows that the development of gender assignment is compatible with processability theory’s predictions in that lexical procedure precedes phrasal procedure,which is followed by S-procedure.Moreover,the masculine gender emerged earlier than its feminine counterpart at all developmental stages.However,subject agreement markers in pro-drop context emerged at stage two preceding subject verb agreement.This finding is against processability theory’s claim that suggests subject agreement markers only emerge at stage four of the processability hierarchy disregarding their stages of development in pro-drop context in particular.展开更多
Endophytic fungi are being investigated for their ability to create industrially relevant secondary metabolites.In recent years,there has been a surge in interest in these fungi as a source of novel enzymes,particular...Endophytic fungi are being investigated for their ability to create industrially relevant secondary metabolites.In recent years,there has been a surge in interest in these fungi as a source of novel enzymes,particularly hydrolytic enzymes.The present study investigated the effect of different carbon,organic and inorganic nitrogens on the growth and ligninolytic enzyme production by the endophytic fungus Diaporthe phaeolorum.The fungus was isolated from the leaves of Dillenia indica and analyzed by morpho-molecular basis.The fungus showed promising results for in vitro production of ligninolytic enzymes.Sucrose was the most favorable carbon compound for growth among all the carbon compounds tested.It displayed maximum lignin peroxidase(Lip)activity in fructose(3.5 U/ml),followed by pectin(2.60 U/ml)and glucose(2.53 U/ml).Glucose gave the highest manganese peroxidase(MnP)activity i.e.,6.88 U/ml followed by starch,sucrose and raffinose.Similarly,the maximum laccase activity was 44.5 U/ml in pectin.Potassium nitrate and L-asparagine were the best inorganic and organic nitrogen for growth.In the case of ligninolytic enzyme production,ammonium acetate and ammonium phosphate were the best media for LiP and MnP,whereas laccase production was highest in ammonium nitrate supplemented medium.In organic nitrogen sources,medium supplemented with DL-tryptophan gave the highest Lip production,whereas MnP and laccase production was observed in the medium containing L-tyrosine and L-asparagine.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report related to the growth and ligninolytic enzyme production by Diaporthe phaseolorum.The findings from the study will assist researchers in improving the production of ligninolytic enzymes by this fungus under in vitro conditions on an industrial scale.展开更多
This paper presents the structure and contents of a standardized layered classification system of digital geomorphology for China.This digital classification method combines landforms characteristics of morphology wit...This paper presents the structure and contents of a standardized layered classification system of digital geomorphology for China.This digital classification method combines landforms characteristics of morphology with genesis.A total of 15 categories of exogenic and endogenic forces are divided into two broad categories：morpho-genetic and morpho-structural landforms.Polygon patches are used to manage the morpho-genetic types,and solitary points,lines and polygons are used to manage the morpho-structural types.The classification method of digital morpho-genetic types can be divided into seven layers,i.e.basic morphology and altitude,genesis,sub-genesis,morphology,micro-morphology,slope and aspect,material and lithology.The method proposes combinations of matrix forms based on layered indicators.The attributes of every landform types are obtained from all or some of the seven layers.For the 15 forces categories,some classification indicators and calculation methods are presented for the basic morphology,the morphologic and sub-morphologic landforms of the morpho-genetic types.The solitary polygon,linear and point types of morpho-structural landforms are presented respectively.The layered classification method can meet the demands of scale-span geomorphologic mapping for the national primary scales from 1：500,000 to 1：1,000,000.The layers serve as classification indicators,and therefore can be added and reduced according to mapping demands,providing flexible expandability.展开更多
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 51325501, 51175220, 51205161 and 51290292）, Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province （No. 20111808）, and the Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University （No. 20121085）.
文摘Morpho butterfly, famous for its iridescence wing scales, has gradually evolved a diversity of functions and has attracted much attention recently. On the other hand, it is known that the wing surface of Morpho butterfly has some complex and so- phisticated structures. In fact, they are composed of an alternating multilayer film system of chitin and air layers, which have different refractive indexes. More importantly, these structures can interact strongly with visible light because the feature size of the structures is in the same order of magnitude with light wavelength. It is noteworthy that it is these optical architectures that cause the excellent multifunction including structural color, antireflection, thermal response, selective vapour response, direc- tional adhesion, superhydrophobicity and so on. This review mainly covers the excellent multifunctional features of Morpho butterfly wings with representative functional structures of multilayer film system, photonic crystal and ridges. Then, the mechanism of the structure-based optical multifunction of Morpho butterfly is analyzed. In order to facilitate mechanism analysis, the models of bionic functional structures are reported, as well as the interaction process between the multiscale structures and the external media It is concluded that these functions of Morpho butterfly wings have inevitable and corre- sponding regularity connection with the structural parameters and the dielectric coefficient of the filled medium. At last, the future direction and prospects of this field are briefly addressed. It is hoped that this review could be beneficial to provide some innovative insoirations and new ideas to the researchers in the fields of engineering, biomedicine, and materials science.
文摘The micro/nano structures of the wing scales in Morpho butterfly are responsible for the structural coloration,with a major part ascribed to interference and diffraction of light.The optical properties of the butterfly wings were investigated by simulating a two-dimensional model using rigorous coupled-wave analysis technique.It is proved that they depend strongly on the structural parameters,incidence angle and refractive index.The peak value and the peak wavelength of the reflection efficiency increase as the vertical periodic thickness increases.The peak value decreases observably,while both of the bandwidth and the peak wavelength increase when the number of the vertical periods decreases.Increase of the horizontal periodic width causes a decrease of the peak value and an increase of the peak wavelength,although the variations are small.The peak value decreases distinctly and the peak wavelength increases as the ambient refractive index increases,which corresponds to the variation in ambient conditions.The research reveals the mechanisms of the brilliant structural color in Morpho butterfly,and is of great significance to the design,manufacture and applications of the bionic micro/nano structures for gas detection.
文摘Background Bone morphogenetic protein （BMP）-2, alkaline phosphatase （ALP）, and collagen type I are known to play a critical role in the process of bone remodeling. However, the relationship between mechanical strain and the expression of BMP-2, ALP, and COL-I in osteoblasts was still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different magnitudes of mechanical strain on osteoblast morphology and on the expression of BMP-2, ALP, and COL-I. Methods Osteoblast-like cells were flexed at four deformation rates （0, 6%, 12%, and 18% elongation）. The expression of BMP-2 mRNA, ALP, and COL-I in osteoblast-like cells were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The results were subjected to analysis of variance （ANOVA） using SPSS 13.0 statistical software. Results The cells changed to fusiform and grew in the direction of the applied strain after the mechanical strain was loaded. Expression level of the BMP-2, ALP, and COL-I increased magnitude-dependently with mechanical loading in the experimental groups, and the 12% elongation group had the highest expression （P 〈0.05）. Conclusion Mechanical strain can induce morphological change and a magnitude-dependent increase in the expression of BMP-2, ALP, and COL-I mRNA in osteoblast-like cells, which might influence bone remodeling in orthodontic treatment.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Special Fund of China (Grant No.2009CB724204)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.90923019,50975106)
文摘Morpho butterfly wings show brilliant blue color,which has a close relationship with the hierarchical micro/nano structures on the surface of scales.When liquids such as methanol,ethanol and isopropanol with different refractive indexes drop onto the scales,the reflectance of wings would decrease.The main peaks of reflectance shift to the right and the scales turn to yel-low-green.After the liquids volatilizes completely,the scales revert to the original blue color.The typical micro/nano struc-tures of Morpho butterfly wing scales are modeled,and the reflectance variation in the course of dropping liquids is simulated.Furthermore,the principal component analysis(PCA) method is employed to analyze the experimental and simulation reflec-tance data,extract principal components and reduce dimensions.As a result,the curves mapping the reflectance variation are clearly shown in the coordinate system consisting of three principal components.The typical color variation of scales during the dropping process could be monitored,and different kinds of liquids could be obviously distinguished according to the dis-tributed regions of mapping points.This study provides guidance to environmental media detecting as well as data processing,and enhances the fabrication and application of the mimic Morpho butterfly wings micro/nano structures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51779080,U2040205 and 52079044)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.20195025712,B200202237)+1 种基金the 111 Project(Grant No.B17015)the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation(Grant No.520013312)。
文摘Confluences act as critical nodes in a river system.They affect hydrodynamics,sediment transport,bed morphology,and eco-hydraulics of the river system.Convergence of streams produces the complex mechanism of flow momentum and mass mixing which may affect the aquatic environment locally and even lasting for a long distance downstream.The confluence creates a hotspot for the river system’s ecological change,which usually leads to changes in water temperature,suspended-sediment load,bed material,nutrient concentrations,water chemistry,and organic-matter content.Hence,the dynamics of river confluences are very complex and have critical effects on river system’s water environment and ecology.For this reason,a review summarizing turbulent flow,sediment transport,morphological-dynamics,mixing processes,and their effects on the ecology of the aquatic environment at river confluences is in order.A future research agenda and opportunities pertinent to river confluence are vitally emphasized as a multidisciplinary research topic.
文摘The relationship between process and form has been at the core of research in fluvial geomorphology. Form-process relationships of a natural river basin are strongly influenced by its hydrologic and sedimentologic processes as basin morphometric properties of length, shape, and relief, change in response to various hydrologic stimuli from the environment, but usually in line with well established laws. In the four fiver basins （Orashi, Otamiri, Sombreiro, New Calabar） examined in this study, however, empirical evidence does not conform neatly with theoretical postulates. Remarkable variations are noted in the molphometric properties of the catchments, when compared with established morphometric laws. The most varied in conformity are the Orashi and New Calabar basins, although the Sombreiro and Otamiri catchments also show some level of variation. Prime explanation for the morphometric and topographic non-conformity is caused by the nature of surficial material and the profoundly shallow relief of much of the study area, especially the alluvial flood and deltaic plains to the south and south-west of the study area.
基金Special Funds for Fundamental Work of Ministry of Science and Technology(2006BAD13B02-13)~~
文摘Effects of light intensity on growth, development and formation on Fagopy- rum cymosum were explored with natural light intensities at 100%（A）, 85.2%（B）, 75.8%（C） and 59.7%（D）. The results showed that the decline of light intensity re- duced nutrient growth period, so that plant growth stage entered in advance and extended, which indicated that the decline of light intensity would lower leaf number and area, the number of twigs from the stem, as well as photosynthate. Further- more, the reduction degree increased upon light intensity decrease degree, and the proper shading improved stem height and leaf area enhanced before growth term.
文摘The purpose of this article is twofold.First,it explores the order of the development of nominal and verbal gender of Amharic,which is one of the Ethio-Semitic languages.Second,it provides empirical evidence for the typological plausibility of processability theory(PT).In fact,PT has been tested in typologically different languages(e.g.,English,Italian,and Japan);however,it does not have any validation from Ethiopian languages in general and Ethio-Semitic languages in particular yet.Relevant data was collected from sixteen respondents via picture description tasks,short storytelling,interviews,story re-telling,and spot the difference tasks.Distributional analysis was conducted for the analysis,and the point of emergence of target structures was determined using the emergence criteria.Accordingly,the result shows that the development of gender assignment is compatible with processability theory’s predictions in that lexical procedure precedes phrasal procedure,which is followed by S-procedure.Moreover,the masculine gender emerged earlier than its feminine counterpart at all developmental stages.However,subject agreement markers in pro-drop context emerged at stage two preceding subject verb agreement.This finding is against processability theory’s claim that suggests subject agreement markers only emerge at stage four of the processability hierarchy disregarding their stages of development in pro-drop context in particular.
基金Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the Department of Botany,Panjab University Chandigarh,India,for providing infrastructure and instrumentation.Vijay Kumar is also thankful for Senior Research Fellowship(File No.09/135(0854)/2019-EMR-I)the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR),India,during research work.
文摘Endophytic fungi are being investigated for their ability to create industrially relevant secondary metabolites.In recent years,there has been a surge in interest in these fungi as a source of novel enzymes,particularly hydrolytic enzymes.The present study investigated the effect of different carbon,organic and inorganic nitrogens on the growth and ligninolytic enzyme production by the endophytic fungus Diaporthe phaeolorum.The fungus was isolated from the leaves of Dillenia indica and analyzed by morpho-molecular basis.The fungus showed promising results for in vitro production of ligninolytic enzymes.Sucrose was the most favorable carbon compound for growth among all the carbon compounds tested.It displayed maximum lignin peroxidase(Lip)activity in fructose(3.5 U/ml),followed by pectin(2.60 U/ml)and glucose(2.53 U/ml).Glucose gave the highest manganese peroxidase(MnP)activity i.e.,6.88 U/ml followed by starch,sucrose and raffinose.Similarly,the maximum laccase activity was 44.5 U/ml in pectin.Potassium nitrate and L-asparagine were the best inorganic and organic nitrogen for growth.In the case of ligninolytic enzyme production,ammonium acetate and ammonium phosphate were the best media for LiP and MnP,whereas laccase production was highest in ammonium nitrate supplemented medium.In organic nitrogen sources,medium supplemented with DL-tryptophan gave the highest Lip production,whereas MnP and laccase production was observed in the medium containing L-tyrosine and L-asparagine.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report related to the growth and ligninolytic enzyme production by Diaporthe phaseolorum.The findings from the study will assist researchers in improving the production of ligninolytic enzymes by this fungus under in vitro conditions on an industrial scale.
基金Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40871177 No.40830529 No.40971063
文摘This paper presents the structure and contents of a standardized layered classification system of digital geomorphology for China.This digital classification method combines landforms characteristics of morphology with genesis.A total of 15 categories of exogenic and endogenic forces are divided into two broad categories：morpho-genetic and morpho-structural landforms.Polygon patches are used to manage the morpho-genetic types,and solitary points,lines and polygons are used to manage the morpho-structural types.The classification method of digital morpho-genetic types can be divided into seven layers,i.e.basic morphology and altitude,genesis,sub-genesis,morphology,micro-morphology,slope and aspect,material and lithology.The method proposes combinations of matrix forms based on layered indicators.The attributes of every landform types are obtained from all or some of the seven layers.For the 15 forces categories,some classification indicators and calculation methods are presented for the basic morphology,the morphologic and sub-morphologic landforms of the morpho-genetic types.The solitary polygon,linear and point types of morpho-structural landforms are presented respectively.The layered classification method can meet the demands of scale-span geomorphologic mapping for the national primary scales from 1：500,000 to 1：1,000,000.The layers serve as classification indicators,and therefore can be added and reduced according to mapping demands,providing flexible expandability.
