随着建筑信息模型(Building Information Modeling,BIM)在全球范围内得到建筑业界的广泛认可,其作用日益凸显,作为建设项目管理重要内容之一的合同管理,BIM的运用为项目合同管理带来极为重要的影响.通过对BIM技术特点及应用BIM所能带来...随着建筑信息模型(Building Information Modeling,BIM)在全球范围内得到建筑业界的广泛认可,其作用日益凸显,作为建设项目管理重要内容之一的合同管理,BIM的运用为项目合同管理带来极为重要的影响.通过对BIM技术特点及应用BIM所能带来的益处分析,结合项目合同管理内容、方式,探索BIM技术在项目合同管理中的应用及需解决的问题,为BIM技术在项目合同管理实践中的应用与推广提供有益参考.展开更多
Potential evapotranspiration(ET_0) is vital for hydrologic cycle and water resource assessments as well as crop water requirement and irrigation demand assessments. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region(Jing-Jin-Ji)–an im...Potential evapotranspiration(ET_0) is vital for hydrologic cycle and water resource assessments as well as crop water requirement and irrigation demand assessments. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region(Jing-Jin-Ji)–an important, large, regional, economic community in China has experienced tremendous land use and land cover changes because of urbanisation and ecological restoration, affecting the hydrologic cycle and water resources of this region. Therefore, we analysed ET_0 in this region using climate data from 22 meteorological stations for the period 1991–2015 to understand this effect. Our findings show that ET_0 increased significantly at a rate of 7.40 mm per decade for the region. Based on the major land use type surrounding them, the meteorological stations were classified as urban, farmland, and natural stations using the 2015 land use dataset. The natural stations in the northern mountainous area showed a significant increase in ET_0, whereas most urban and farmland stations in the plain area showed a decrease in ET_0, with only a few of the stations showing an increase. Based on the different ET_0 trends for different land use types, these stations can be ranked as follows: urban stations(trend value:-4.663 to-1.439) > natural stations(trend value: 2.58 to 3.373) > farmland stations(trend value:-2.927 to-0.248). Our results indicate that land use changes affect meteorological parameters, such as wind speed and sunshine duration, which then lead to changes in ET_0. We noted that wind speed was the dominant parameter affecting ET_0 at all the natural stations, and wind speed and sunshine duration were the dominant parameters affecting ET_0 at most of the urban stations. However, the main controlling parameters affecting ET_0 at the farmland stations varied. These results present a scope for understanding land use impact on ET_0, which can then be applied to studies on sustainable land use planning and water resource management.展开更多
文摘随着建筑信息模型(Building Information Modeling,BIM)在全球范围内得到建筑业界的广泛认可,其作用日益凸显,作为建设项目管理重要内容之一的合同管理,BIM的运用为项目合同管理带来极为重要的影响.通过对BIM技术特点及应用BIM所能带来的益处分析,结合项目合同管理内容、方式,探索BIM技术在项目合同管理中的应用及需解决的问题,为BIM技术在项目合同管理实践中的应用与推广提供有益参考.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2016YFC0401407National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.51379216+1 种基金National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars,No.51625904International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China,No.2016YFE0102400
文摘Potential evapotranspiration(ET_0) is vital for hydrologic cycle and water resource assessments as well as crop water requirement and irrigation demand assessments. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region(Jing-Jin-Ji)–an important, large, regional, economic community in China has experienced tremendous land use and land cover changes because of urbanisation and ecological restoration, affecting the hydrologic cycle and water resources of this region. Therefore, we analysed ET_0 in this region using climate data from 22 meteorological stations for the period 1991–2015 to understand this effect. Our findings show that ET_0 increased significantly at a rate of 7.40 mm per decade for the region. Based on the major land use type surrounding them, the meteorological stations were classified as urban, farmland, and natural stations using the 2015 land use dataset. The natural stations in the northern mountainous area showed a significant increase in ET_0, whereas most urban and farmland stations in the plain area showed a decrease in ET_0, with only a few of the stations showing an increase. Based on the different ET_0 trends for different land use types, these stations can be ranked as follows: urban stations(trend value:-4.663 to-1.439) > natural stations(trend value: 2.58 to 3.373) > farmland stations(trend value:-2.927 to-0.248). Our results indicate that land use changes affect meteorological parameters, such as wind speed and sunshine duration, which then lead to changes in ET_0. We noted that wind speed was the dominant parameter affecting ET_0 at all the natural stations, and wind speed and sunshine duration were the dominant parameters affecting ET_0 at most of the urban stations. However, the main controlling parameters affecting ET_0 at the farmland stations varied. These results present a scope for understanding land use impact on ET_0, which can then be applied to studies on sustainable land use planning and water resource management.
