The present study aims to integrate a large set of geological and geophysical data into a comprehensive model describing the depositional features of the Abu Madi/El Qar'a/Khilala gas fields.The model is based on ...The present study aims to integrate a large set of geological and geophysical data into a comprehensive model describing the depositional features of the Abu Madi/El Qar'a/Khilala gas fields.The model is based on the sequence stratigraphic framework of the Abu Madi Formation defined using cores,well logs,and time-migrated seismic data.Seismic trace attribute sections and relative acoustic impedance sections are also used.A possible depositional pattern for the main Level Ill is established,based on the lithological and petrophysical information derived from the seismic data analysis.The Abu Madi For-mation can be regarded as a depositional sequence recording the progressive drowning of the incised valley.The sequence is bounded at the base by an erosional unconformity,created by a drop in the level of the Late Messinian Sea,and at the top by a drowning unconformity related to the Early Pliocene transgression.The bottom of Level II divides the Abu Madi sequence into two smaller sequences.In both sequences,gas-bearing traps can be found in the Lowstand Systems Tracts,represented by the fluvial Level Ill and fluvial-deltaic Level Il,respectively.展开更多
Nile Delta which covers approximately 60,000 square kilometers represents the most important gas province in Egypt whereas its fields provide two-thirds of the gas production in Egypt. The Nile Delta province begins t...Nile Delta which covers approximately 60,000 square kilometers represents the most important gas province in Egypt whereas its fields provide two-thirds of the gas production in Egypt. The Nile Delta province begins to display its hydrocarbon potentiality in the early 1960s. Nidoco field is located in the shallow water offshore Nile delta. Abu Madi formation (Messinian age) is the most important formation through all the section where it represents the main gas producing reservoirs in the Field. The production of the field is coming from two sand reservoir levels;Abu Madi level 2&3 which are characterized by fluvial-deltaic sandstones. The purpose of this paper is to perceive the Messinian gas bearing reservoirs and channelized sand distribution inside Abu Madi formation using seismic attributes and amplitude versus offset (AVO) technique. The results indicated that the seismic attributes and AVO aided to give a complete picture about the Messinian reservoirs distribution and characterization in the field. Also the results show that there are still promising locations of prospective Abu Madi Level 2&3 which are proposed to be drilled in the field.展开更多
Field development typically requires detailed petrophysical analysis and well defined hydraulic flow units for comprehensive formation evaluation and reservoir characterization. In the present study, pay zones petroph...Field development typically requires detailed petrophysical analysis and well defined hydraulic flow units for comprehensive formation evaluation and reservoir characterization. In the present study, pay zones petrophysics are studied using an assembly of well log data from 8 wells together with core plugs measurements. Petrophysical analysis showed a good reservoir quality with average water saturation increasing toward the East and Southeast of the study area. Using a multi-linear regression technique on well logs and core data, permeability is estimated at well locations for flow unit characterization and flow capacity calculation. Results showed that five hydraulic flow units are identified through the studied wells, with relatively good correlation. Such correlation indicated a good continuity in the net pay zone of Abu Madi Formation in the Nile Delta reservoirs. The developed hydraulic flow units (HFUs) are classified according to its hydraulic conductivity into two main categories: the first category comprises the units with low permeability (K 1270 mD). The reservoir flow capacity (RFC) of these units indicated the development of 4 distinct classes (~11, ~30, ~80, and greater than 130 D.ft). The wells within the Northwestern part of the study area showed three HFUs that relatively vary from those located at the Southeast where two HFUs are only developed. In addition, the Southeastern part of the reservoir is characterized by good RFC as indicated by the development of high order HFUs (3, 4, and 5) compared to the Northeastern part with predominated low order HFUs (1, 2, and 3). Such results are crucial for the efficient field development and profound reservoir management of oil and gas fields in the Nile Delta.展开更多
The Madi rare metal granite is a complex massif,which contains a variety of rare metals,such as Nb,Ta,Li,and Be.In this paper,the geochemical characteristics of the granite were obtained by multi-collector inductively...The Madi rare metal granite is a complex massif,which contains a variety of rare metals,such as Nb,Ta,Li,and Be.In this paper,the geochemical characteristics of the granite were obtained by multi-collector inductively coupled mass spectrometry(MC-ICP-MS).The precise crystalline age of the granite was obtained from monazite U-Pb dating,and the source of the granite was determined using Li-Nd isotopes.The Madi rare metal granite is a high-K(calc-alkaline),peraluminous,S-type granite.The U-Pb monazite age indicates that the crystalline age of the granite is 175.6 Ma,which is Early Jurassic.The granite is characterized by a relatively wide range ofδ7 Li values(+2.99‰to+5.83‰)and high lithium concentrations(181 ppm to 1022 ppm).The lithium isotopic composition of the granite does not significantly correlate with the degree of magmatic differentiation.An insignificant amount of lithium isotope fractionation occurred during the granitic differentiation.The lithium isotopic composition of the granite significantly differs from that of the wall rock,but it is very similar to that of a primitive mantle peridotite xenolith(meanδ7 Li value+3.5‰).The plot of Li concentration versusδ7 Li indicates that the Li isotopic composition of the granite is similar to that of island arc lavas.Based on the above-described evidence,the granite was mainly derived from the crust,but it was contaminated by a deep granitic magma.展开更多
在需要大量传输多路音频信号的实际应用中,MADI、CobraNet、Audio Over IP以及EtherSound等技术获得了大量的使用,取得了较好的市场应用前景。但由于这些技术各自的技术特点,在实际应用中均不能较完美地解决用户除音频传输以外的其他伴...在需要大量传输多路音频信号的实际应用中,MADI、CobraNet、Audio Over IP以及EtherSound等技术获得了大量的使用,取得了较好的市场应用前景。但由于这些技术各自的技术特点,在实际应用中均不能较完美地解决用户除音频传输以外的其他伴随需求,如灵活的信号调度、分配、控制以及信号的可视化直观显示等。为此我们改进了以太网的分布式多路专业广播音频信号传输和分配的路由控制,改进了传统集中式音频矩阵的信号切换方式,提高了系统的灵活性并降低了成本,是一个较好的应用解决方案。下文将针对具体的实现技术做些探讨,供广大同行相互借鉴。展开更多
The 3D static reservoir modelling provides a good understanding for the hydrocarbon reservoir distri-bution and properties.This study aimed to construct a static model to study the gas-reservoir potentiality of the Me...The 3D static reservoir modelling provides a good understanding for the hydrocarbon reservoir distri-bution and properties.This study aimed to construct a static model to study the gas-reservoir potentiality of the Messinian Abu Madi Formation in Baltim Field,offshore Nile Delta Basin.This model was constructed based on the interpretation of the thirty-seven 2D seismic sections besides the analysis of well logs data for five drilled wells(Baltim East-2,Baltim East-3,Baltim East-5,Baltim North-1 and Baltim North-2).The seismic interpretation exposed that the Abu Madi incised valley in Baltim Field is oriented NNW-SSE with width ranges from 5 to 8 km and approximately 32 km in length.The reservoir modelling revealed a relatively homogeneous reservoir facies qualities for gas production in two different zones within the Abu Madi sandstones.The trapping mechanism for these intervals is represented by pinching out in the two sides of the Abu Madi paleo-valley and bounded by two faults in the northern and southern parts of the study area.展开更多
The Messinian sequence in the Nile Delta hosts the most prolific hydrocarbon reservoirs,and is therefore of great importance from the aspect of nonrenewable fuel sources exploration and development strategies.This stu...The Messinian sequence in the Nile Delta hosts the most prolific hydrocarbon reservoirs,and is therefore of great importance from the aspect of nonrenewable fuel sources exploration and development strategies.This study presents an investigation for the differential impacts of the depositional and petrophysical attributes on the hydrocarbon volumes trapped in the Messinian reservoirs.Analyses of the pressure data and pressure gradients revealed hydraulically-connected and homogeneous Messinian reservoir rocks.The amounts of Stock Tank Oil and Gas Initially In Places(STOIPP&GIIP)are typically controlled by the depositional primary attributes(matrix content and grain size)which induce several reservoir heterogeneities.The Lower Messinian Qawasim reservoir is subdivided into two main zones:the distal deltaic(zone 1)prograded into proximal deltaic facies(zone 2).The petrophysical reservoir quality in terms of porosity,permeability and water saturation increases upward from zone 1 to zone 2.These are largely controlled by the depositional attributes,and therefore zone 2 with a minimum matrix content,coarse-grained sandstones and mega pore spaces(>150 mm)hosts almost 90%of the STOIIP and 100%of the GIIP.Notably,approximately 78%and 65%of the total STOIIP and GIIP,respectively are confined within the coarse-grained delta-plain distributary channels of zone 2.Similarly,the fluvial sediments(zone 1)of the Upper Messinian Abu Madi Formation host 78%of the GIIP in West Al-Khilala Field and the other 22%is trapped in the overlying zone 2 and is mostly distributed within the sandprone tidal channel and tidal sand bars facies.The channel width/thickness(W/T)ratio largely controls the STOIIP and GIIP values.STOIIP and GIIP display a progressive linear increase with increasing the channel width.This is likely due to increasing the percentage of the good reservoir quality facies within the geologic model as well as increasing the reservoir connectivity with increasing the channel width.展开更多
里约奥运会所有比赛场馆评论席评论声传输方式采用支持MADI接口的数字音频,传输介质为光纤通路,接收设备采用支持MADI接口的数字音频光端设备。本文介绍了MADI(Multi-channel Audio Digital Interface)的概念和传输特性,对其在里约奥运...里约奥运会所有比赛场馆评论席评论声传输方式采用支持MADI接口的数字音频,传输介质为光纤通路,接收设备采用支持MADI接口的数字音频光端设备。本文介绍了MADI(Multi-channel Audio Digital Interface)的概念和传输特性,对其在里约奥运会上的部署实施和应用情况进行了分析和说明。展开更多
The tectonic deformation has a significant influence on the hydrocarbon reservoirs properties.The effect of this process focuses on the lateral distribution of the petrophysical parameters characterizing the hydrocarb...The tectonic deformation has a significant influence on the hydrocarbon reservoirs properties.The effect of this process focuses on the lateral distribution of the petrophysical parameters characterizing the hydrocarbon reservoirs.The main objective of the current study is to perform a petrophysical examination of the Abu Madi gas reservoir which is the greatest gas-bearing reservoir at Nile Delta Basin in order to examine how far the Messinian tectonics affected the lateral variations of these petrophysical parameters.This petrophysical evaluation was performed based on the wireline log data acquired for five wells,namely,Abu Madi-2,Abu Madi-7,El Qara-3,Nidoco-7,and Nidoco-9 drilled within the Abu Madi Paleo-Valley.The petrophysical assessment for the most promising zone intervals within the Abu Madi sandstones in the inspected wells show that the total porosity varies between 17%and 22%,the effective porosity ranges from 7%to 19%,the shale volume fluctuates between 16%and 30%,hydrocarbon satu-ration varies from 37%to 76%,and the bulk volume of water varies between 0.02 and 0.09.These significant variations in the petrophysical properties of the Abu Madi reservoir are attributed to the tectonic influence during the deposition of the Abu Madi Formation as a part of the Late Miocene synrift megasequence in the Nile Delta Basin.This conclusion confirms that the petrophysical properties of sandstone reservoirs are function of tectonic and structural deformation.展开更多
文摘The present study aims to integrate a large set of geological and geophysical data into a comprehensive model describing the depositional features of the Abu Madi/El Qar'a/Khilala gas fields.The model is based on the sequence stratigraphic framework of the Abu Madi Formation defined using cores,well logs,and time-migrated seismic data.Seismic trace attribute sections and relative acoustic impedance sections are also used.A possible depositional pattern for the main Level Ill is established,based on the lithological and petrophysical information derived from the seismic data analysis.The Abu Madi For-mation can be regarded as a depositional sequence recording the progressive drowning of the incised valley.The sequence is bounded at the base by an erosional unconformity,created by a drop in the level of the Late Messinian Sea,and at the top by a drowning unconformity related to the Early Pliocene transgression.The bottom of Level II divides the Abu Madi sequence into two smaller sequences.In both sequences,gas-bearing traps can be found in the Lowstand Systems Tracts,represented by the fluvial Level Ill and fluvial-deltaic Level Il,respectively.
文摘Nile Delta which covers approximately 60,000 square kilometers represents the most important gas province in Egypt whereas its fields provide two-thirds of the gas production in Egypt. The Nile Delta province begins to display its hydrocarbon potentiality in the early 1960s. Nidoco field is located in the shallow water offshore Nile delta. Abu Madi formation (Messinian age) is the most important formation through all the section where it represents the main gas producing reservoirs in the Field. The production of the field is coming from two sand reservoir levels;Abu Madi level 2&3 which are characterized by fluvial-deltaic sandstones. The purpose of this paper is to perceive the Messinian gas bearing reservoirs and channelized sand distribution inside Abu Madi formation using seismic attributes and amplitude versus offset (AVO) technique. The results indicated that the seismic attributes and AVO aided to give a complete picture about the Messinian reservoirs distribution and characterization in the field. Also the results show that there are still promising locations of prospective Abu Madi Level 2&3 which are proposed to be drilled in the field.
文摘Field development typically requires detailed petrophysical analysis and well defined hydraulic flow units for comprehensive formation evaluation and reservoir characterization. In the present study, pay zones petrophysics are studied using an assembly of well log data from 8 wells together with core plugs measurements. Petrophysical analysis showed a good reservoir quality with average water saturation increasing toward the East and Southeast of the study area. Using a multi-linear regression technique on well logs and core data, permeability is estimated at well locations for flow unit characterization and flow capacity calculation. Results showed that five hydraulic flow units are identified through the studied wells, with relatively good correlation. Such correlation indicated a good continuity in the net pay zone of Abu Madi Formation in the Nile Delta reservoirs. The developed hydraulic flow units (HFUs) are classified according to its hydraulic conductivity into two main categories: the first category comprises the units with low permeability (K 1270 mD). The reservoir flow capacity (RFC) of these units indicated the development of 4 distinct classes (~11, ~30, ~80, and greater than 130 D.ft). The wells within the Northwestern part of the study area showed three HFUs that relatively vary from those located at the Southeast where two HFUs are only developed. In addition, the Southeastern part of the reservoir is characterized by good RFC as indicated by the development of high order HFUs (3, 4, and 5) compared to the Northeastern part with predominated low order HFUs (1, 2, and 3). Such results are crucial for the efficient field development and profound reservoir management of oil and gas fields in the Nile Delta.
基金the project of“Comprehensive integration and service of mineral geology and its metallogenic regularity in China”from China Geological Survey(Grant No.DD20160346)
文摘The Madi rare metal granite is a complex massif,which contains a variety of rare metals,such as Nb,Ta,Li,and Be.In this paper,the geochemical characteristics of the granite were obtained by multi-collector inductively coupled mass spectrometry(MC-ICP-MS).The precise crystalline age of the granite was obtained from monazite U-Pb dating,and the source of the granite was determined using Li-Nd isotopes.The Madi rare metal granite is a high-K(calc-alkaline),peraluminous,S-type granite.The U-Pb monazite age indicates that the crystalline age of the granite is 175.6 Ma,which is Early Jurassic.The granite is characterized by a relatively wide range ofδ7 Li values(+2.99‰to+5.83‰)and high lithium concentrations(181 ppm to 1022 ppm).The lithium isotopic composition of the granite does not significantly correlate with the degree of magmatic differentiation.An insignificant amount of lithium isotope fractionation occurred during the granitic differentiation.The lithium isotopic composition of the granite significantly differs from that of the wall rock,but it is very similar to that of a primitive mantle peridotite xenolith(meanδ7 Li value+3.5‰).The plot of Li concentration versusδ7 Li indicates that the Li isotopic composition of the granite is similar to that of island arc lavas.Based on the above-described evidence,the granite was mainly derived from the crust,but it was contaminated by a deep granitic magma.
文摘在需要大量传输多路音频信号的实际应用中,MADI、CobraNet、Audio Over IP以及EtherSound等技术获得了大量的使用,取得了较好的市场应用前景。但由于这些技术各自的技术特点,在实际应用中均不能较完美地解决用户除音频传输以外的其他伴随需求,如灵活的信号调度、分配、控制以及信号的可视化直观显示等。为此我们改进了以太网的分布式多路专业广播音频信号传输和分配的路由控制,改进了传统集中式音频矩阵的信号切换方式,提高了系统的灵活性并降低了成本,是一个较好的应用解决方案。下文将针对具体的实现技术做些探讨,供广大同行相互借鉴。
文摘The 3D static reservoir modelling provides a good understanding for the hydrocarbon reservoir distri-bution and properties.This study aimed to construct a static model to study the gas-reservoir potentiality of the Messinian Abu Madi Formation in Baltim Field,offshore Nile Delta Basin.This model was constructed based on the interpretation of the thirty-seven 2D seismic sections besides the analysis of well logs data for five drilled wells(Baltim East-2,Baltim East-3,Baltim East-5,Baltim North-1 and Baltim North-2).The seismic interpretation exposed that the Abu Madi incised valley in Baltim Field is oriented NNW-SSE with width ranges from 5 to 8 km and approximately 32 km in length.The reservoir modelling revealed a relatively homogeneous reservoir facies qualities for gas production in two different zones within the Abu Madi sandstones.The trapping mechanism for these intervals is represented by pinching out in the two sides of the Abu Madi paleo-valley and bounded by two faults in the northern and southern parts of the study area.
基金Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research(Grant number 2014-2018)for funding this study.
文摘The Messinian sequence in the Nile Delta hosts the most prolific hydrocarbon reservoirs,and is therefore of great importance from the aspect of nonrenewable fuel sources exploration and development strategies.This study presents an investigation for the differential impacts of the depositional and petrophysical attributes on the hydrocarbon volumes trapped in the Messinian reservoirs.Analyses of the pressure data and pressure gradients revealed hydraulically-connected and homogeneous Messinian reservoir rocks.The amounts of Stock Tank Oil and Gas Initially In Places(STOIPP&GIIP)are typically controlled by the depositional primary attributes(matrix content and grain size)which induce several reservoir heterogeneities.The Lower Messinian Qawasim reservoir is subdivided into two main zones:the distal deltaic(zone 1)prograded into proximal deltaic facies(zone 2).The petrophysical reservoir quality in terms of porosity,permeability and water saturation increases upward from zone 1 to zone 2.These are largely controlled by the depositional attributes,and therefore zone 2 with a minimum matrix content,coarse-grained sandstones and mega pore spaces(>150 mm)hosts almost 90%of the STOIIP and 100%of the GIIP.Notably,approximately 78%and 65%of the total STOIIP and GIIP,respectively are confined within the coarse-grained delta-plain distributary channels of zone 2.Similarly,the fluvial sediments(zone 1)of the Upper Messinian Abu Madi Formation host 78%of the GIIP in West Al-Khilala Field and the other 22%is trapped in the overlying zone 2 and is mostly distributed within the sandprone tidal channel and tidal sand bars facies.The channel width/thickness(W/T)ratio largely controls the STOIIP and GIIP values.STOIIP and GIIP display a progressive linear increase with increasing the channel width.This is likely due to increasing the percentage of the good reservoir quality facies within the geologic model as well as increasing the reservoir connectivity with increasing the channel width.
文摘里约奥运会所有比赛场馆评论席评论声传输方式采用支持MADI接口的数字音频,传输介质为光纤通路,接收设备采用支持MADI接口的数字音频光端设备。本文介绍了MADI(Multi-channel Audio Digital Interface)的概念和传输特性,对其在里约奥运会上的部署实施和应用情况进行了分析和说明。
文摘The tectonic deformation has a significant influence on the hydrocarbon reservoirs properties.The effect of this process focuses on the lateral distribution of the petrophysical parameters characterizing the hydrocarbon reservoirs.The main objective of the current study is to perform a petrophysical examination of the Abu Madi gas reservoir which is the greatest gas-bearing reservoir at Nile Delta Basin in order to examine how far the Messinian tectonics affected the lateral variations of these petrophysical parameters.This petrophysical evaluation was performed based on the wireline log data acquired for five wells,namely,Abu Madi-2,Abu Madi-7,El Qara-3,Nidoco-7,and Nidoco-9 drilled within the Abu Madi Paleo-Valley.The petrophysical assessment for the most promising zone intervals within the Abu Madi sandstones in the inspected wells show that the total porosity varies between 17%and 22%,the effective porosity ranges from 7%to 19%,the shale volume fluctuates between 16%and 30%,hydrocarbon satu-ration varies from 37%to 76%,and the bulk volume of water varies between 0.02 and 0.09.These significant variations in the petrophysical properties of the Abu Madi reservoir are attributed to the tectonic influence during the deposition of the Abu Madi Formation as a part of the Late Miocene synrift megasequence in the Nile Delta Basin.This conclusion confirms that the petrophysical properties of sandstone reservoirs are function of tectonic and structural deformation.
