Aim: Heating by nanoparticles, which are located in the tissue to be treated, is a well-recognized method in hyperthermic oncology. Our objective is to investigate selective, nanoscopic heating without concentrating e...Aim: Heating by nanoparticles, which are located in the tissue to be treated, is a well-recognized method in hyperthermic oncology. Our objective is to investigate selective, nanoscopic heating without concentrating extra artificial nanoparticles. We have in silico calculation to study the heating of the transmembrane protein clusters (rafts) on cell-membrane. The transmembrane protein domains have significantly higher dielectric constant than their lipid neighborhood in the membrane. This difference causes a local gradient in the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), which could be a factor of heating of the membranes locally, as well as exciting the receptors for various signal transduction in the cells. We suppose that this process determines the observed cellular effects of modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT, trade-name: oncothermia). Materials and Methods: In silico models with highly specialized software (Computer Simulation Technology (CST), Darmstadt, Germany) were performed visualizing the selectivity for the membrane domains. Local raft models were created to simulate the electromagnetic (EM) effect of a 13.56 MHz excitation between two perfect electrical conductor plates, simulating the equipotential conditions of the sides of the membrane in the vicinity of the raft. The simulations were performed with near-field (EQS) solver of CST. The electric field, current density, and electric loss density were monitored by the simulations. The applied material properties and parameters refer to the recent literature. Results: In silico models show ten times higher energy-absorption of the transmembrane domains than that of its lipid-membrane surrounding, and intra- and extracellular neighborhood. Depending on the size, orientation, and location of the membrane rafts, the value of SAR varies, but we use only two simplified models to see the absorption properties. Taking into account the characteristics of the EM field effects we showed that the selective energy-absorption increased further by the cell-cell interacti展开更多
Modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) targets tissue’s natural electric and thermal heterogeneities to heat the cancer cells selectively. The applied 13.56 MHz radiofrequency (RF) is a carrier of the low-frequency mo...Modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) targets tissue’s natural electric and thermal heterogeneities to heat the cancer cells selectively. The applied 13.56 MHz radiofrequency (RF) is a carrier of the low-frequency modulation. The high-frequency part was chosen to select the malignant lesion using the specialties of the tumor: the higher conductivity and dielectric constant of the tumor than its host. The electric field selects the tumor, and the low-frequency amplitude modulation polarizes and excites the transmembrane proteins of the malignant cells. The dominant absorption of the energy by the microscopic clusters of the membrane rafts acts like nanoparticle heating. Exciting the membrane produces various apoptotic signals. The processes were modeled using silico and phantom experiments, which proved the concept. The preclinical verification was made in vitro and in vivo, and in the end, clinical proofs validated the method. Our objective is to follow all the development steps from the laboratory to the clinics in a trilogy of articles. This present is the first part, which deals with in silico, phantom, and in vitro research.展开更多
The treatments of malignant diseases nowadays are rapidly developing. One of the groups of novel therapies applies electromagnetic fields to destroy the malignant lesions. The thermal (heating) and nonthermal (polariz...The treatments of malignant diseases nowadays are rapidly developing. One of the groups of novel therapies applies electromagnetic fields to destroy the malignant lesions. The thermal (heating) and nonthermal (polarization, molecular excitations) processes are combined in novel methods. The non-ionizing energy absorption from the electric field may produce substantial heat, increasing the targeted lesion’s temperature and inducing hyperthermic effects. The modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) uses thermal conditions to optimize and accelerate the chemical reactions induced by the nonthermal excitation of the electric field. The mEHT cooperates with the body’s homeostatic control and harmonizes the mutual efforts to destroy the malignancy. Our objective is to show in vivo proof of the combined complementary electromagnetic impact on various tumors produced by mEHT. Furthermore, we present evidence of the increasing efficacy of the complementary application of mEHT with conventional treatments.展开更多
The modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) method is a unique approach that utilizes all the essential apoptotic pathways through an external radiofrequency (RF) signal. The high-frequency RF is amplitude-modulated and...The modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) method is a unique approach that utilizes all the essential apoptotic pathways through an external radiofrequency (RF) signal. The high-frequency RF is amplitude-modulated and coupled capacitively to the target. The provided energy triggers the death receptors and FAS-FADD complexes in the malignant cells. Multi-pathway apoptosis produces immunogenic cell death (ICD). This ICD provides intracellular information about cancer cells by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP), including membrane expression of calreticulin (CRT) and extracellular ATP, HMGB1, and HSP70, executing tumor-specific antigen presentation. The antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a crucial role in reestablishing immune surveillance and hampering the tumor cells’ ability to hide, thereby evading immune attacks. The matured DCs (generally APCs) produce tumor-specific killer and helper T-cells, which have the potential to be active in distant metastases from the treated location. This unique mechanism of action underscores its potential in cancer treatment and extends the local mEHT treatment to the whole body anticancer therapy with an abscopal effect.展开更多
Hyperthermia in oncology is an emerging complementary therapy. The clinical results depend on multiple conditional factors, like the type of cancer, the stage, the applied treatment device, and the complementary conve...Hyperthermia in oncology is an emerging complementary therapy. The clinical results depend on multiple conditional factors, like the type of cancer, the stage, the applied treatment device, and the complementary conventional therapy. The molecular effect could also be different depending on the temperature, heating dose, kind of energy transfer, and timing sequences compared to the concomitant treatment. This article examines the molecular impacts of a specific technique used in oncological hyperthermia called modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT). What sets mEHT apart is its emphasis on harnessing the combined effects of thermal and nonthermal factors. Nonthermal energy absorption occurs through the excitation of molecules, while the thermal component ensures the ideal conditions for this process. The applied radiofrequency current selects the malignant cells, and the modulation drives the nonthermal effects to immunogenic cell death, helping to develop tumor-specific antitumoral immune reactions. The synergy of the thermal and nonthermal components excites the lipid-assembled clusters of transmembrane proteins (membrane rafts) as the channels of transient receptor potentials (TRPs), the heat-shock proteins (HSPs), the voltage-gated channels, and the voltage-sensitive phosphatases (VSPs). All these transmembrane compartments channeling various ionic species (like calcium and proton) interact with the cytoskeleton and are involved in the apoptotic signal pathways.展开更多
One of the most frequently applied bioelectromagnetic effects is the deep heating of the living species with EMF energy. Despite its long history, hyperthermia is a rarely applied oncotherapy. The reason is its contro...One of the most frequently applied bioelectromagnetic effects is the deep heating of the living species with EMF energy. Despite its long history, hyperthermia is a rarely applied oncotherapy. The reason is its controversial results and complicated control. One of the solutions is concentrating the electromagnetic energy nanoscopically on the parts of the malignant cells instead of heating up the complete tumor-mass. This approach is a kind of non-uniform energy absorption, providing energy liberation only in the selected regions. The energy-absorption of the malignant cells targets the membranes and creates a situation far from thermal equilibrium. The selection of the malignant cells is based on their decided differences from their healthy counterparts. The distinguishing parameters are the electromagnetic properties of the components of the malignant tissue which are the physiologic differences between the malignant cells and their healthy counterparts. The targets realize nano-range heating, using natural nanoclusters on the cell-membrane without artificially implementing them. This energy absorption generates consequent reactions, like programmed cell-death (apoptosis) continued by immunogenic cell-death involving extended immune reactions.? The applied radiofrequency current is amplitude modulated by time-fractal modulation pattern. The accurately matched impedance realizes the self-selective mechanisms which are promoted by stochastic resonances. This complex method is a new kind of hyperthermia, named mEHT. Our objective is to analyze the problems of the selective, non-equilibrium energy absorption, and present a solution by the electromagnetic mechanisms for an effective and controllable hyperthermia in oncology.展开更多
Introduction: Hyperthermia is a complementary therapy in oncology having various pros and contras for its application. Ascites, pleural effusion, edema and other electrolyte accumulations are frequently excluded from ...Introduction: Hyperthermia is a complementary therapy in oncology having various pros and contras for its application. Ascites, pleural effusion, edema and other electrolyte accumulations are frequently excluded from the treatability of the patients with heating locally or systemically. The special gathering of electrolytes is sometimes contraindicated, at times not mentioned in the clinical protocols. However, it is certainly challenging in the oncology where micro and macro edemas, as well as larger electrolyte accumulations (e.g. ascites, pleural effusion), are very frequent. Methods: Excluding patients with accumulation of free electrolytes limits the applications of hyperthermia. To find a solution we are studying the microvasculature and fluid dynamism together with the electric field effects, including the injury currents. The hyperthermia method which we investigate is the modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT). We use the Starling’s equation and the injury current in the frame of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and in connection with the biologically closed electric circuits. Results: It is shown that mEHT, unlike the conventional hyperthermia, is applicable for patients who have edema and other free-electrolytes in the volume which is targeted. The heterogeneous heating (unlike the homogeneous, isothermal conventional hyperthermia) promotes the development of tumor-specific immune actions, and so has less adverse-effects, and longer survival time for patients in advanced, metastatic cancers too. Conclusion: mEHT is well applicable in cases of ascites, pleural effusion, edema and other electrolyte accumulations when a patient is treated in complex (complementary) oncological therapy.展开更多
Many clinical trials have prospective or retrospective data-sets without comparison to the control-group formed by the same cohort as the active one. The measured single arm naturally contains the relevant information...Many clinical trials have prospective or retrospective data-sets without comparison to the control-group formed by the same cohort as the active one. The measured single arm naturally contains the relevant information, however, in most of the cases, it is impossible to obtain it from the complex survival curve without a reference. In our previous articles [1] [2], we had shown that the self-similar Weibull distribution fits the self-organized biological mechanisms well, and so it is the best option to study the single-arm survival curves, where self-organizing process is actively present. With the Weibull decomposition of the survival curve, we can fit at least two subgroups of patients. The weighted sum of the decomposed fractions could be optimized analytically and determining the best parameters of the components and the best composition ratio of the weighted sum is also possible. In this part of our series of articles, we will show how the method works in a real clinical environment through modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) as a complementary method, applied curatively when no other conventional curative therapies are available. The decomposed function of the non-responding group provides an excellent agreement with the historical controls in pancreatic cancer and non-small-cell-lung-cancer studies. In the case of glioblastoma multiform, the historical missing control from the institute where the treatment was made does not allow a comparison. We used a modified Hardin-Jones-Pauling statistical estimation and had shown in single arm clinical trials for advanced pancreas, non-small cell lung cancer and glioblastoma multiforme, that this estimation is applicable, and it is corresponding with the historical arm and with the non-responding group where this comparison was available.展开更多
Healthy homeostasis is a principal driving force of the dynamic equilibrium of living organisms. The dynamical basis of homeostasis is the complex and interconnected feedback mechanisms, which are fundamentally govern...Healthy homeostasis is a principal driving force of the dynamic equilibrium of living organisms. The dynamical basis of homeostasis is the complex and interconnected feedback mechanisms, which are fundamentally governed by the nervous system, mainly the balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic controlling actions. The balancing regulation is well presented in the heart’s sinus node and can be measured by the time-domain heart-rate variation (HRV) of its frequency domain to analyze the constitutional frequencies of the variation. This last is a fluctuation that shows 1/f time fractal arrangement (f is the composing frequency). The time-fractal arrangement could depend on the structural fractal of the His-Purkinje system of the heart and personally modify the HRV. The cancers gradually destroy the homeostatic harmony, starting locally and finishing systemically. The controlling activity of vagus-nerve changes the HRV or the power density spectrum of the signal fluctuations in malignant development, presenting an appropriate control of the cancerous processes. The modified spectrum by a non-invasive radiofrequency treatment could arrest the tumor growth. An appropriate modulation could support the homeostatic control and force reconstructing of the broken complexity.展开更多
Cancer patients frequently report a set of symptoms including fatigue, pain, and physiological and social distress. Families and other personal lay relations give proposals to take supportive drugs and supplemental nu...Cancer patients frequently report a set of symptoms including fatigue, pain, and physiological and social distress. Families and other personal lay relations give proposals to take supportive drugs and supplemental nutrients, without professional knowledge about their actions. Internet search engines and social networks serve up most of the treatment proposals, opening wide possibilities for quackeries and predatory money-making practices. Medical professionals have a responsibility to clear this field and concentrate on patients’ well-being and personal needs. According to our approach, the integration of supportive and palliative care with conventional therapies needs a change of paradigm from tumour-driven to patient-driven treatment actions. Supportive/palliative care includes a broad spectrum of applied methods, including medications, nourishments, electrical effects, and psycho and social supports. Our goal is to discuss the possibilities for combining conventional oncotherapies with additional supportive/palliative care and to give suggestions on a professional basis.展开更多
The COVID-19 pandemic has experienced unprecedented limitations and extraordinary scientific efforts to address this exceptional situation. Despite blanket closures that have resulted in significant financial constrai...The COVID-19 pandemic has experienced unprecedented limitations and extraordinary scientific efforts to address this exceptional situation. Despite blanket closures that have resulted in significant financial constraints and losses around the world, research has an “unlimited” budget, with an exceptional concentration of medical and scientific care on a single topic: understanding the mechanisms for overcoming the disease. A large number of clinical trials have been launched with different drugs that have been behind different concepts and solutions. I would like to focus on the complexity aspect of COVID-19. Living systems are organized in a complex way, which implies dynamic stochastic phenomena, and deterministic reductionism can mislead research. When research focuses on individual molecules or pathways as products, it is distracted from the processes in which these products operate, thus neglecting the complex interactions between regulations and feedback controls. Common problems in product-oriented research are articulated as “double-edged swords”, “Janus behavior”, “two-sided action”, with a simple question: “friend or foe?” I focus on the missing complexity. I propose a bioelectromagnetic process that can maintain a complex approach, affecting processes rather than products. This hypothetical proposal is not a comprehensive solution. Complexity itself limits the overall effects of causing “miracles”. Well-designed electromagnetic effects can support current efforts and, in combination with intensively developed pharmaceuticals, bring us closer to a pharmaceutical solution against COVID-19.展开更多
文摘Aim: Heating by nanoparticles, which are located in the tissue to be treated, is a well-recognized method in hyperthermic oncology. Our objective is to investigate selective, nanoscopic heating without concentrating extra artificial nanoparticles. We have in silico calculation to study the heating of the transmembrane protein clusters (rafts) on cell-membrane. The transmembrane protein domains have significantly higher dielectric constant than their lipid neighborhood in the membrane. This difference causes a local gradient in the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), which could be a factor of heating of the membranes locally, as well as exciting the receptors for various signal transduction in the cells. We suppose that this process determines the observed cellular effects of modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT, trade-name: oncothermia). Materials and Methods: In silico models with highly specialized software (Computer Simulation Technology (CST), Darmstadt, Germany) were performed visualizing the selectivity for the membrane domains. Local raft models were created to simulate the electromagnetic (EM) effect of a 13.56 MHz excitation between two perfect electrical conductor plates, simulating the equipotential conditions of the sides of the membrane in the vicinity of the raft. The simulations were performed with near-field (EQS) solver of CST. The electric field, current density, and electric loss density were monitored by the simulations. The applied material properties and parameters refer to the recent literature. Results: In silico models show ten times higher energy-absorption of the transmembrane domains than that of its lipid-membrane surrounding, and intra- and extracellular neighborhood. Depending on the size, orientation, and location of the membrane rafts, the value of SAR varies, but we use only two simplified models to see the absorption properties. Taking into account the characteristics of the EM field effects we showed that the selective energy-absorption increased further by the cell-cell interacti
文摘Modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) targets tissue’s natural electric and thermal heterogeneities to heat the cancer cells selectively. The applied 13.56 MHz radiofrequency (RF) is a carrier of the low-frequency modulation. The high-frequency part was chosen to select the malignant lesion using the specialties of the tumor: the higher conductivity and dielectric constant of the tumor than its host. The electric field selects the tumor, and the low-frequency amplitude modulation polarizes and excites the transmembrane proteins of the malignant cells. The dominant absorption of the energy by the microscopic clusters of the membrane rafts acts like nanoparticle heating. Exciting the membrane produces various apoptotic signals. The processes were modeled using silico and phantom experiments, which proved the concept. The preclinical verification was made in vitro and in vivo, and in the end, clinical proofs validated the method. Our objective is to follow all the development steps from the laboratory to the clinics in a trilogy of articles. This present is the first part, which deals with in silico, phantom, and in vitro research.
文摘The treatments of malignant diseases nowadays are rapidly developing. One of the groups of novel therapies applies electromagnetic fields to destroy the malignant lesions. The thermal (heating) and nonthermal (polarization, molecular excitations) processes are combined in novel methods. The non-ionizing energy absorption from the electric field may produce substantial heat, increasing the targeted lesion’s temperature and inducing hyperthermic effects. The modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) uses thermal conditions to optimize and accelerate the chemical reactions induced by the nonthermal excitation of the electric field. The mEHT cooperates with the body’s homeostatic control and harmonizes the mutual efforts to destroy the malignancy. Our objective is to show in vivo proof of the combined complementary electromagnetic impact on various tumors produced by mEHT. Furthermore, we present evidence of the increasing efficacy of the complementary application of mEHT with conventional treatments.
文摘The modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) method is a unique approach that utilizes all the essential apoptotic pathways through an external radiofrequency (RF) signal. The high-frequency RF is amplitude-modulated and coupled capacitively to the target. The provided energy triggers the death receptors and FAS-FADD complexes in the malignant cells. Multi-pathway apoptosis produces immunogenic cell death (ICD). This ICD provides intracellular information about cancer cells by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP), including membrane expression of calreticulin (CRT) and extracellular ATP, HMGB1, and HSP70, executing tumor-specific antigen presentation. The antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a crucial role in reestablishing immune surveillance and hampering the tumor cells’ ability to hide, thereby evading immune attacks. The matured DCs (generally APCs) produce tumor-specific killer and helper T-cells, which have the potential to be active in distant metastases from the treated location. This unique mechanism of action underscores its potential in cancer treatment and extends the local mEHT treatment to the whole body anticancer therapy with an abscopal effect.
文摘Hyperthermia in oncology is an emerging complementary therapy. The clinical results depend on multiple conditional factors, like the type of cancer, the stage, the applied treatment device, and the complementary conventional therapy. The molecular effect could also be different depending on the temperature, heating dose, kind of energy transfer, and timing sequences compared to the concomitant treatment. This article examines the molecular impacts of a specific technique used in oncological hyperthermia called modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT). What sets mEHT apart is its emphasis on harnessing the combined effects of thermal and nonthermal factors. Nonthermal energy absorption occurs through the excitation of molecules, while the thermal component ensures the ideal conditions for this process. The applied radiofrequency current selects the malignant cells, and the modulation drives the nonthermal effects to immunogenic cell death, helping to develop tumor-specific antitumoral immune reactions. The synergy of the thermal and nonthermal components excites the lipid-assembled clusters of transmembrane proteins (membrane rafts) as the channels of transient receptor potentials (TRPs), the heat-shock proteins (HSPs), the voltage-gated channels, and the voltage-sensitive phosphatases (VSPs). All these transmembrane compartments channeling various ionic species (like calcium and proton) interact with the cytoskeleton and are involved in the apoptotic signal pathways.
文摘One of the most frequently applied bioelectromagnetic effects is the deep heating of the living species with EMF energy. Despite its long history, hyperthermia is a rarely applied oncotherapy. The reason is its controversial results and complicated control. One of the solutions is concentrating the electromagnetic energy nanoscopically on the parts of the malignant cells instead of heating up the complete tumor-mass. This approach is a kind of non-uniform energy absorption, providing energy liberation only in the selected regions. The energy-absorption of the malignant cells targets the membranes and creates a situation far from thermal equilibrium. The selection of the malignant cells is based on their decided differences from their healthy counterparts. The distinguishing parameters are the electromagnetic properties of the components of the malignant tissue which are the physiologic differences between the malignant cells and their healthy counterparts. The targets realize nano-range heating, using natural nanoclusters on the cell-membrane without artificially implementing them. This energy absorption generates consequent reactions, like programmed cell-death (apoptosis) continued by immunogenic cell-death involving extended immune reactions.? The applied radiofrequency current is amplitude modulated by time-fractal modulation pattern. The accurately matched impedance realizes the self-selective mechanisms which are promoted by stochastic resonances. This complex method is a new kind of hyperthermia, named mEHT. Our objective is to analyze the problems of the selective, non-equilibrium energy absorption, and present a solution by the electromagnetic mechanisms for an effective and controllable hyperthermia in oncology.
文摘Introduction: Hyperthermia is a complementary therapy in oncology having various pros and contras for its application. Ascites, pleural effusion, edema and other electrolyte accumulations are frequently excluded from the treatability of the patients with heating locally or systemically. The special gathering of electrolytes is sometimes contraindicated, at times not mentioned in the clinical protocols. However, it is certainly challenging in the oncology where micro and macro edemas, as well as larger electrolyte accumulations (e.g. ascites, pleural effusion), are very frequent. Methods: Excluding patients with accumulation of free electrolytes limits the applications of hyperthermia. To find a solution we are studying the microvasculature and fluid dynamism together with the electric field effects, including the injury currents. The hyperthermia method which we investigate is the modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT). We use the Starling’s equation and the injury current in the frame of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and in connection with the biologically closed electric circuits. Results: It is shown that mEHT, unlike the conventional hyperthermia, is applicable for patients who have edema and other free-electrolytes in the volume which is targeted. The heterogeneous heating (unlike the homogeneous, isothermal conventional hyperthermia) promotes the development of tumor-specific immune actions, and so has less adverse-effects, and longer survival time for patients in advanced, metastatic cancers too. Conclusion: mEHT is well applicable in cases of ascites, pleural effusion, edema and other electrolyte accumulations when a patient is treated in complex (complementary) oncological therapy.
文摘Many clinical trials have prospective or retrospective data-sets without comparison to the control-group formed by the same cohort as the active one. The measured single arm naturally contains the relevant information, however, in most of the cases, it is impossible to obtain it from the complex survival curve without a reference. In our previous articles [1] [2], we had shown that the self-similar Weibull distribution fits the self-organized biological mechanisms well, and so it is the best option to study the single-arm survival curves, where self-organizing process is actively present. With the Weibull decomposition of the survival curve, we can fit at least two subgroups of patients. The weighted sum of the decomposed fractions could be optimized analytically and determining the best parameters of the components and the best composition ratio of the weighted sum is also possible. In this part of our series of articles, we will show how the method works in a real clinical environment through modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) as a complementary method, applied curatively when no other conventional curative therapies are available. The decomposed function of the non-responding group provides an excellent agreement with the historical controls in pancreatic cancer and non-small-cell-lung-cancer studies. In the case of glioblastoma multiform, the historical missing control from the institute where the treatment was made does not allow a comparison. We used a modified Hardin-Jones-Pauling statistical estimation and had shown in single arm clinical trials for advanced pancreas, non-small cell lung cancer and glioblastoma multiforme, that this estimation is applicable, and it is corresponding with the historical arm and with the non-responding group where this comparison was available.
文摘Healthy homeostasis is a principal driving force of the dynamic equilibrium of living organisms. The dynamical basis of homeostasis is the complex and interconnected feedback mechanisms, which are fundamentally governed by the nervous system, mainly the balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic controlling actions. The balancing regulation is well presented in the heart’s sinus node and can be measured by the time-domain heart-rate variation (HRV) of its frequency domain to analyze the constitutional frequencies of the variation. This last is a fluctuation that shows 1/f time fractal arrangement (f is the composing frequency). The time-fractal arrangement could depend on the structural fractal of the His-Purkinje system of the heart and personally modify the HRV. The cancers gradually destroy the homeostatic harmony, starting locally and finishing systemically. The controlling activity of vagus-nerve changes the HRV or the power density spectrum of the signal fluctuations in malignant development, presenting an appropriate control of the cancerous processes. The modified spectrum by a non-invasive radiofrequency treatment could arrest the tumor growth. An appropriate modulation could support the homeostatic control and force reconstructing of the broken complexity.
文摘Cancer patients frequently report a set of symptoms including fatigue, pain, and physiological and social distress. Families and other personal lay relations give proposals to take supportive drugs and supplemental nutrients, without professional knowledge about their actions. Internet search engines and social networks serve up most of the treatment proposals, opening wide possibilities for quackeries and predatory money-making practices. Medical professionals have a responsibility to clear this field and concentrate on patients’ well-being and personal needs. According to our approach, the integration of supportive and palliative care with conventional therapies needs a change of paradigm from tumour-driven to patient-driven treatment actions. Supportive/palliative care includes a broad spectrum of applied methods, including medications, nourishments, electrical effects, and psycho and social supports. Our goal is to discuss the possibilities for combining conventional oncotherapies with additional supportive/palliative care and to give suggestions on a professional basis.
文摘The COVID-19 pandemic has experienced unprecedented limitations and extraordinary scientific efforts to address this exceptional situation. Despite blanket closures that have resulted in significant financial constraints and losses around the world, research has an “unlimited” budget, with an exceptional concentration of medical and scientific care on a single topic: understanding the mechanisms for overcoming the disease. A large number of clinical trials have been launched with different drugs that have been behind different concepts and solutions. I would like to focus on the complexity aspect of COVID-19. Living systems are organized in a complex way, which implies dynamic stochastic phenomena, and deterministic reductionism can mislead research. When research focuses on individual molecules or pathways as products, it is distracted from the processes in which these products operate, thus neglecting the complex interactions between regulations and feedback controls. Common problems in product-oriented research are articulated as “double-edged swords”, “Janus behavior”, “two-sided action”, with a simple question: “friend or foe?” I focus on the missing complexity. I propose a bioelectromagnetic process that can maintain a complex approach, affecting processes rather than products. This hypothetical proposal is not a comprehensive solution. Complexity itself limits the overall effects of causing “miracles”. Well-designed electromagnetic effects can support current efforts and, in combination with intensively developed pharmaceuticals, bring us closer to a pharmaceutical solution against COVID-19.
