Integrating a battery energy storage system(ESS)with a large wind farm can smooth the intermittent power obtained from the wind farm,but the smoothing function will not be achieved if multiple ESSs are used to smooth ...Integrating a battery energy storage system(ESS)with a large wind farm can smooth the intermittent power obtained from the wind farm,but the smoothing function will not be achieved if multiple ESSs are used to smooth the fluctuations in individual wind power plants in a distributed pattern.Therefore,this study focuses on the development of a control strategy to optimize the use of multiple ESSs to accelerate the adoption of wind energy resources.This paper proposes a quasi-automated generation control(QAGC)strategy to coordinate multiple ESSs,which responds to the grid dispatch demand rather than smoothing out the intermittent power from individual wind farms.The aims of QAGC are to ensure that multiple ESSs provide a service that is as balanced as possible,so more wind power systems at various scales can be accepted by the grid,as well maximizing the low-carbon benefits of ESSs.The effectiveness of QAGC is demonstrated by using data from an actual gigawatt scale cluster of wind plants.展开更多
碳达峰、碳中和目标将加速我国能源系统的低碳转型。为促进全社会的协同行动,需要一个未来低碳能源系统的清晰、完整图景来提供前瞻性引导。而目前,未来低碳能源系统的形态、特征以及敏感性因素尚研究不足。该文发展了一套能源-物质流...碳达峰、碳中和目标将加速我国能源系统的低碳转型。为促进全社会的协同行动,需要一个未来低碳能源系统的清晰、完整图景来提供前瞻性引导。而目前,未来低碳能源系统的形态、特征以及敏感性因素尚研究不足。该文发展了一套能源-物质流耦合及敏感性分析方法,建立了2050年低碳能源系统的计量基础,描绘了其整体能源流向和二氧化碳排放源、汇的关系,并分析了其主要组成部分的结构和效率一旦发生变化对二氧化碳排放总量的影响。结果表明,未来低碳能源系统可能将呈现非化石能源为主的一次能源结构和发电结构以及高比例终端电力占比等基本形态,并可能具有电力部门负排放、工业部门排放最大等基本碳排放特征。该系统的碳排放总量对工业部门的电力占比和化石能源发电的效率变化最为敏感,其次是风电占比提高、更多煤电安装碳捕获和封存(carbon capture and sequestration, CCS)及化石能源发电的余热利用等。为此,该文建议严格控制化石能源的终端直接利用,加速电力部门低碳进程,加强探索难减排部门的低碳路径和非化石非电利用,以及大力建设智慧能源系统来保障多能互补。展开更多
Future electricity systems are challenged by deep decarbonization and concurrently increasing demand and there are growing concerns that renewables cannot shoulder this alone. Starting from the proven principle of div...Future electricity systems are challenged by deep decarbonization and concurrently increasing demand and there are growing concerns that renewables cannot shoulder this alone. Starting from the proven principle of diversity, we argue for keeping the nuclear option open or even for expanding its use. However, the perspectives are dim for the current technology as safety concerns and social aversion remain as fundamental problems. While looking for future revolutionary safe and more sustainable nuclear concepts we first review the main characteristics of civil nuclear energy, as well as its safety records and technical progress. We then list the key requirements for innovative nuclear systems designs which are less dependent on active safety systems and human performance as well as social stability. This allows us to provide a concept by concept comparison and assessment of existing and novel technologies and designs including different coolants and neutron spectra. The results indicate a high potential for far-reaching improvements compared to most advanced LWRs, although none of the candidate concepts meets all requirements convincingly, yet, helium cooled, small modular reactors (HTR-PM) come closest. We end by stressing the need for future research and development, and keeping human capital and know-how in nuclear energy;we call for an urgent increase in government and international RD&D funding by the order of a few hundreds of billions of USD per year, which will likely lead to breakthroughs that will restart productivity growth in severely affected stagnating modern economies.展开更多
Concern about global warming calls for an advanced approach for designing an energy system to reduce carbon emissions as well as to secure energy security for each country.Conventional energy systems tend to introduce...Concern about global warming calls for an advanced approach for designing an energy system to reduce carbon emissions as well as to secure energy security for each country.Conventional energy systems tend to introduce different technologies with high conversion efficiency,leading to a higher average efficiency.Advanced energy systems can be achieved not by an aggregate form of conversion technologies but by an innovative system design itself.The concept of LCS(low carbon society) is a unique approach having multi-dimensional considerations such as social,economic and environmental dimensions.The LCS aims at an extensive restructuring of worldwide energy supply/demand network system by not only replacing the conventional parts with the new ones,but also integrating all the necessary components and designing absolutely different energy networks.As a core tool for the LCS design,energy-economic models are applied to show feasible solutions in future with alternatives such as renewable resources,combined heat and power,and smart grid operations.Models can introduce changes in energy markets,technology learning in capacity,and penetration of innovative technologies,leading to an optimum system configuration under priority settings.The paper describes recent trials of energy models application related to waste-to-energy,clean coal,transportation and rural development.Although the modelling approach is still under investigation,the output clearly shows possible options having variety of technologies and linkages between supply and demand sides.Design of the LCS means an energy systems design with the modelling approach,which gives solution for complex systems,choices among technologies,technology feasibility,R&D targets,and what we need to start.展开更多
基金This work is supported by National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2013CB228201).
文摘Integrating a battery energy storage system(ESS)with a large wind farm can smooth the intermittent power obtained from the wind farm,but the smoothing function will not be achieved if multiple ESSs are used to smooth the fluctuations in individual wind power plants in a distributed pattern.Therefore,this study focuses on the development of a control strategy to optimize the use of multiple ESSs to accelerate the adoption of wind energy resources.This paper proposes a quasi-automated generation control(QAGC)strategy to coordinate multiple ESSs,which responds to the grid dispatch demand rather than smoothing out the intermittent power from individual wind farms.The aims of QAGC are to ensure that multiple ESSs provide a service that is as balanced as possible,so more wind power systems at various scales can be accepted by the grid,as well maximizing the low-carbon benefits of ESSs.The effectiveness of QAGC is demonstrated by using data from an actual gigawatt scale cluster of wind plants.
文摘碳达峰、碳中和目标将加速我国能源系统的低碳转型。为促进全社会的协同行动,需要一个未来低碳能源系统的清晰、完整图景来提供前瞻性引导。而目前,未来低碳能源系统的形态、特征以及敏感性因素尚研究不足。该文发展了一套能源-物质流耦合及敏感性分析方法,建立了2050年低碳能源系统的计量基础,描绘了其整体能源流向和二氧化碳排放源、汇的关系,并分析了其主要组成部分的结构和效率一旦发生变化对二氧化碳排放总量的影响。结果表明,未来低碳能源系统可能将呈现非化石能源为主的一次能源结构和发电结构以及高比例终端电力占比等基本形态,并可能具有电力部门负排放、工业部门排放最大等基本碳排放特征。该系统的碳排放总量对工业部门的电力占比和化石能源发电的效率变化最为敏感,其次是风电占比提高、更多煤电安装碳捕获和封存(carbon capture and sequestration, CCS)及化石能源发电的余热利用等。为此,该文建议严格控制化石能源的终端直接利用,加速电力部门低碳进程,加强探索难减排部门的低碳路径和非化石非电利用,以及大力建设智慧能源系统来保障多能互补。
文摘Future electricity systems are challenged by deep decarbonization and concurrently increasing demand and there are growing concerns that renewables cannot shoulder this alone. Starting from the proven principle of diversity, we argue for keeping the nuclear option open or even for expanding its use. However, the perspectives are dim for the current technology as safety concerns and social aversion remain as fundamental problems. While looking for future revolutionary safe and more sustainable nuclear concepts we first review the main characteristics of civil nuclear energy, as well as its safety records and technical progress. We then list the key requirements for innovative nuclear systems designs which are less dependent on active safety systems and human performance as well as social stability. This allows us to provide a concept by concept comparison and assessment of existing and novel technologies and designs including different coolants and neutron spectra. The results indicate a high potential for far-reaching improvements compared to most advanced LWRs, although none of the candidate concepts meets all requirements convincingly, yet, helium cooled, small modular reactors (HTR-PM) come closest. We end by stressing the need for future research and development, and keeping human capital and know-how in nuclear energy;we call for an urgent increase in government and international RD&D funding by the order of a few hundreds of billions of USD per year, which will likely lead to breakthroughs that will restart productivity growth in severely affected stagnating modern economies.
文摘Concern about global warming calls for an advanced approach for designing an energy system to reduce carbon emissions as well as to secure energy security for each country.Conventional energy systems tend to introduce different technologies with high conversion efficiency,leading to a higher average efficiency.Advanced energy systems can be achieved not by an aggregate form of conversion technologies but by an innovative system design itself.The concept of LCS(low carbon society) is a unique approach having multi-dimensional considerations such as social,economic and environmental dimensions.The LCS aims at an extensive restructuring of worldwide energy supply/demand network system by not only replacing the conventional parts with the new ones,but also integrating all the necessary components and designing absolutely different energy networks.As a core tool for the LCS design,energy-economic models are applied to show feasible solutions in future with alternatives such as renewable resources,combined heat and power,and smart grid operations.Models can introduce changes in energy markets,technology learning in capacity,and penetration of innovative technologies,leading to an optimum system configuration under priority settings.The paper describes recent trials of energy models application related to waste-to-energy,clean coal,transportation and rural development.Although the modelling approach is still under investigation,the output clearly shows possible options having variety of technologies and linkages between supply and demand sides.Design of the LCS means an energy systems design with the modelling approach,which gives solution for complex systems,choices among technologies,technology feasibility,R&D targets,and what we need to start.
