第一部分诊疗指南肝脏是结直肠癌血行转移最主要的靶器官,结直肠癌肝转移是结直肠癌治疗的重点和难点之一。15%~25%结直肠癌病人在确诊时即合并有肝转移,而另有15%~25%的病人在结直肠癌原发灶根治术后发生肝转移,其中绝大多数(80%~90%)...第一部分诊疗指南肝脏是结直肠癌血行转移最主要的靶器官,结直肠癌肝转移是结直肠癌治疗的重点和难点之一。15%~25%结直肠癌病人在确诊时即合并有肝转移,而另有15%~25%的病人在结直肠癌原发灶根治术后发生肝转移,其中绝大多数(80%~90%)的肝转移灶初始无法获得根治性切除。肝转移也是结直肠癌病人最主要的死亡原因,未经治疗的肝转移病人的中位生存期仅6.9个月,无法切除病人的5年生存率<5%,而肝转移灶能完全切除[或可以达到无疾病证据(no evidence of disease,NED)状态]病人的中位生存期为35个月,5年生存率可达30%~57%。展开更多
Background The prognosis for patients with gastric cancer and synchronous liver metastases is very poor.However,a standard therapeutic strategy has not been well established.The clinical benefit and prognostic factors...Background The prognosis for patients with gastric cancer and synchronous liver metastases is very poor.However,a standard therapeutic strategy has not been well established.The clinical benefit and prognostic factors after hepatic surgical treatment for liver metastases from gastric cancer remain controversial.Methods Records of 105 patients who underwent gastrectomy regardless of hepatic surgical treatment for gastric cancer with synchronous liver-only metastases in our center between 1995 and 2010 were retrospectively reviewed.Results The overall survival rate for the 105 patients was 42.1%,17.2%,and 10.6% at 1,2,and 3 years,respectively,with a median survival time of 11 months.Multivariate survival analysis revealed that the extent of lymphadenectomy （D） （P 〈0.001）,lymph node metastases （P 〈0.001）,extent of liver metastases （H） （P=0.008）,and lymphovascular invasion （P=-0.002） were significant independent prognostic factors for survival.Among patients who underwent D2 lymphadenectomy,those who underwent hepatic surgical treatment had a significantly improved survival compared with those who underwent gastrectomy alone （median survival,24 vs.12 months; P 〈0.001）.However,hepatic surgical treatment was not a prognostic factor for patients who underwent D1 lymphadenectomy （median survival,8 vs.8 months;P=0.495）.For the 35 patients who underwent gastrectomy plus hepatic surgical treatment,D2 lymphadenectomy （P 〈0.001）,lymph node metastases （P=-0.015）,and extent of liver metastases （H1 vs.H2 and H3） （P=-0.017） were independent significant prognostic factors for survival.Conclusions D2 lymphadenectomy plus hepatic surgical treatment may provide hope for long-term survival of judiciously selected patients with hepatic metastases from gastric cancer.Patients with a low degree of lymph node metastases and H1 liver metastases would make the most appropriate candidates.However,if D2 dissection cannot be achieved,hepatic surgical treatment is not recommended.展开更多
Colorectal cancer(CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have been till now the main therapeutic strategies for disease control and improvement of the overall...Colorectal cancer(CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have been till now the main therapeutic strategies for disease control and improvement of the overall survival. Twenty-five per cent(25%) of CRC patients have clinically detectable liver metastases at the initial diagnosis and approximately 50% develop liver metastases during their disease course. Twentythirty per cent(20%-30%) are CRC patients with metastases confined to the liver. Some years ago various studies showed a curative potential for liver metastases resection. For this reason some authors proposed the conversion of unresectable liver metastases to resectable to achieve cure. Since those results were published, a lot of regimens have been studied for resectability potential. Better results could be obtained by the combination of chemotherapy with targeted drugs, such as anti-VEGF and antiEGFR monoclonal antibodies. However an accurate selection for patients to treat with these regimens and to operate for liver metastases is mandatory to reduce the risk of complications. A multidisciplinary team approach represents the best way for a proper patient management. The team needs to include surgeons, oncologists, diagnostic and interventional radiologists with expertise in hepatobiliary disease, molecular pathologists, and clinical nurse specialists. This review summarizes the most important findings on surgery and systemic treatment of CRC-related liver metastases.展开更多
Liver metastasis is the commonest form of distant metastasis in colorectal cancer.Selection criteria for surgery and liver-directed therapies have recently been extended.However,resectability remains poorly defined.Tu...Liver metastasis is the commonest form of distant metastasis in colorectal cancer.Selection criteria for surgery and liver-directed therapies have recently been extended.However,resectability remains poorly defined.Tumour biology is increasingly recognized as an important prognostic factor;hence molecular profiling has a growing role in risk stratification and management planning.Surgical resection is the only treatment modality for curative intent.The most appropriate surgical approach is yet to be established.The primary cancer and the hepatic metastasis can be removed simultaneously or in a two-step approach;these two strategies have comparable long-term outcomes.For patients with a limited future liver remnant,portal vein embolization,combined ablation and resection,and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy have been advocated,and each has their pros and cons.The role of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy is still debated.Targeted biological agents and loco-regional therapies(thermal ablation,intra-arterial chemo-or radio-embolization,and stereotactic radiotherapy) further improve the already favourable results.The recent debate about offering liver transplantation to highly selected patients needs validation from large clinical trials.Evidencebased protocols are missing,and therefore optimal management of hepatic metastasis should be personalized and determined by a multi-disciplinary team.展开更多
BACKGROUND: In spite of accurate selection of patients eligible for resection, and although advances in surgical techniques and perioperative management have greatly contributed to reducing the rate of perioperative d...BACKGROUND: In spite of accurate selection of patients eligible for resection, and although advances in surgical techniques and perioperative management have greatly contributed to reducing the rate of perioperative deaths, stress must be placed on reducing the postoperative complication rates reported to be still as high as 50%. This study was designed to analyze the causes and foreseeable risk factors linked to postoperative morbidity on the grounds of data derived from a single-center surgical population. METHODS: From September 1989 to March 2005, 287 consecutive patients, affected either with HCC or liver metastasis, had liver resection at our department. Among the HCC series we recorded 98 patients (73.2%) in Child- Pugh class A, 32 (23.8%) in class B and 4 in class C (3%). In 104 colorectal metastases, 71% were due to colon cancer, 25% rectal, 3% sigmoid, and 1% anorectal. In 49 non-colorectal metastases, 22.4% were derived from breast cancer, 63.2% gastrointestinal tumors (excluding colon) and 14.4% other cancers. We performed 80 wedge resections, 77 bisegmentectomies and/or left lobectomies, 74 segmentectomies, 22 major hepatectomies, 20 left hepatectomies, and 14 trisegmentectomies. RESULTS: The in-hospital mortality rate in this series was 4.5%, and the morbidity rate was 47.7%, because of pleural effusion (30%), hepatic abscess (25%), hepatic insufficiency (19%), ascites (10%), hemoperitoneum (10%), or biliary fistula (6%). The variables associated with the technical aspects of the surgical procedure thatwere responsible for the complications were: a Pringle maneuver length more than 20 minutes (P=0.001); the type of liver resection procedure, including major hepatectomy (P=0.02), left hepatectomy (P=0.04), trisegmentectomy (P=0.04), bisegmentectomy and/or left lobectomy (P=0,04); and a blood transfusion of more than 600 ml (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: The evaluation of causes and foreseeable risk factors linked to postoperative morbidity during the planning of surgical treatment should play the same role as展开更多
文摘第一部分诊疗指南肝脏是结直肠癌血行转移最主要的靶器官,结直肠癌肝转移是结直肠癌治疗的重点和难点之一。15%~25%结直肠癌病人在确诊时即合并有肝转移,而另有15%~25%的病人在结直肠癌原发灶根治术后发生肝转移,其中绝大多数(80%~90%)的肝转移灶初始无法获得根治性切除。肝转移也是结直肠癌病人最主要的死亡原因,未经治疗的肝转移病人的中位生存期仅6.9个月,无法切除病人的5年生存率<5%,而肝转移灶能完全切除[或可以达到无疾病证据(no evidence of disease,NED)状态]病人的中位生存期为35个月,5年生存率可达30%~57%。
文摘Background The prognosis for patients with gastric cancer and synchronous liver metastases is very poor.However,a standard therapeutic strategy has not been well established.The clinical benefit and prognostic factors after hepatic surgical treatment for liver metastases from gastric cancer remain controversial.Methods Records of 105 patients who underwent gastrectomy regardless of hepatic surgical treatment for gastric cancer with synchronous liver-only metastases in our center between 1995 and 2010 were retrospectively reviewed.Results The overall survival rate for the 105 patients was 42.1%,17.2%,and 10.6% at 1,2,and 3 years,respectively,with a median survival time of 11 months.Multivariate survival analysis revealed that the extent of lymphadenectomy （D） （P 〈0.001）,lymph node metastases （P 〈0.001）,extent of liver metastases （H） （P=0.008）,and lymphovascular invasion （P=-0.002） were significant independent prognostic factors for survival.Among patients who underwent D2 lymphadenectomy,those who underwent hepatic surgical treatment had a significantly improved survival compared with those who underwent gastrectomy alone （median survival,24 vs.12 months; P 〈0.001）.However,hepatic surgical treatment was not a prognostic factor for patients who underwent D1 lymphadenectomy （median survival,8 vs.8 months;P=0.495）.For the 35 patients who underwent gastrectomy plus hepatic surgical treatment,D2 lymphadenectomy （P 〈0.001）,lymph node metastases （P=-0.015）,and extent of liver metastases （H1 vs.H2 and H3） （P=-0.017） were independent significant prognostic factors for survival.Conclusions D2 lymphadenectomy plus hepatic surgical treatment may provide hope for long-term survival of judiciously selected patients with hepatic metastases from gastric cancer.Patients with a low degree of lymph node metastases and H1 liver metastases would make the most appropriate candidates.However,if D2 dissection cannot be achieved,hepatic surgical treatment is not recommended.
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have been till now the main therapeutic strategies for disease control and improvement of the overall survival. Twenty-five per cent(25%) of CRC patients have clinically detectable liver metastases at the initial diagnosis and approximately 50% develop liver metastases during their disease course. Twentythirty per cent(20%-30%) are CRC patients with metastases confined to the liver. Some years ago various studies showed a curative potential for liver metastases resection. For this reason some authors proposed the conversion of unresectable liver metastases to resectable to achieve cure. Since those results were published, a lot of regimens have been studied for resectability potential. Better results could be obtained by the combination of chemotherapy with targeted drugs, such as anti-VEGF and antiEGFR monoclonal antibodies. However an accurate selection for patients to treat with these regimens and to operate for liver metastases is mandatory to reduce the risk of complications. A multidisciplinary team approach represents the best way for a proper patient management. The team needs to include surgeons, oncologists, diagnostic and interventional radiologists with expertise in hepatobiliary disease, molecular pathologists, and clinical nurse specialists. This review summarizes the most important findings on surgery and systemic treatment of CRC-related liver metastases.
文摘Liver metastasis is the commonest form of distant metastasis in colorectal cancer.Selection criteria for surgery and liver-directed therapies have recently been extended.However,resectability remains poorly defined.Tumour biology is increasingly recognized as an important prognostic factor;hence molecular profiling has a growing role in risk stratification and management planning.Surgical resection is the only treatment modality for curative intent.The most appropriate surgical approach is yet to be established.The primary cancer and the hepatic metastasis can be removed simultaneously or in a two-step approach;these two strategies have comparable long-term outcomes.For patients with a limited future liver remnant,portal vein embolization,combined ablation and resection,and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy have been advocated,and each has their pros and cons.The role of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy is still debated.Targeted biological agents and loco-regional therapies(thermal ablation,intra-arterial chemo-or radio-embolization,and stereotactic radiotherapy) further improve the already favourable results.The recent debate about offering liver transplantation to highly selected patients needs validation from large clinical trials.Evidencebased protocols are missing,and therefore optimal management of hepatic metastasis should be personalized and determined by a multi-disciplinary team.
文摘BACKGROUND: In spite of accurate selection of patients eligible for resection, and although advances in surgical techniques and perioperative management have greatly contributed to reducing the rate of perioperative deaths, stress must be placed on reducing the postoperative complication rates reported to be still as high as 50%. This study was designed to analyze the causes and foreseeable risk factors linked to postoperative morbidity on the grounds of data derived from a single-center surgical population. METHODS: From September 1989 to March 2005, 287 consecutive patients, affected either with HCC or liver metastasis, had liver resection at our department. Among the HCC series we recorded 98 patients (73.2%) in Child- Pugh class A, 32 (23.8%) in class B and 4 in class C (3%). In 104 colorectal metastases, 71% were due to colon cancer, 25% rectal, 3% sigmoid, and 1% anorectal. In 49 non-colorectal metastases, 22.4% were derived from breast cancer, 63.2% gastrointestinal tumors (excluding colon) and 14.4% other cancers. We performed 80 wedge resections, 77 bisegmentectomies and/or left lobectomies, 74 segmentectomies, 22 major hepatectomies, 20 left hepatectomies, and 14 trisegmentectomies. RESULTS: The in-hospital mortality rate in this series was 4.5%, and the morbidity rate was 47.7%, because of pleural effusion (30%), hepatic abscess (25%), hepatic insufficiency (19%), ascites (10%), hemoperitoneum (10%), or biliary fistula (6%). The variables associated with the technical aspects of the surgical procedure thatwere responsible for the complications were: a Pringle maneuver length more than 20 minutes (P=0.001); the type of liver resection procedure, including major hepatectomy (P=0.02), left hepatectomy (P=0.04), trisegmentectomy (P=0.04), bisegmentectomy and/or left lobectomy (P=0,04); and a blood transfusion of more than 600 ml (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: The evaluation of causes and foreseeable risk factors linked to postoperative morbidity during the planning of surgical treatment should play the same role as
