Programmed cell death(PCD)is essential for both plant development and stress responses including immunity.However,how plants control PCD is not well-understood.The shikimate pathway is one of the most important metabo...Programmed cell death(PCD)is essential for both plant development and stress responses including immunity.However,how plants control PCD is not well-understood.The shikimate pathway is one of the most important metabolic pathways in plants,but its relationship to PCD is unknown.Here,we show that the shikimate pathway promotes PCD in Arabidopsis.We identify a photoperiod-dependent lesion-mimic mutant named Lesion in short-day(lis),which forms spontaneous lesions in short-day conditions.Mapbased cloning and whole-genome resequencing reveal that LIS encodes MEE32,a bifunctional enzyme in the shikimate pathway.Metabolic analysis shows that the level of shikimate is dramatically increased in lis.Through genetic screenings,three suppressors of lis(slis)are identified and the causal genes are cloned.SLISes encode proteins upstream of MEE32 in the shikimate pathway.Furthermore,exogenous shikimate treatment causes PCD.Our study uncovers a link between the shikimate pathway and PCD,and suggests that the accumulation of shikimate is an alternative explanation for the action of glyphosate,the most successful herbicide.展开更多
A novel rice lesion mimic mutant (LMM) was isolated from an ethane methyl sulfonate (EMS)-induced 02428 mutant bank. The mutant, tentatively designated as lmm6, develops necrotic lesions in the whole growth period alo...A novel rice lesion mimic mutant (LMM) was isolated from an ethane methyl sulfonate (EMS)-induced 02428 mutant bank. The mutant, tentatively designated as lmm6, develops necrotic lesions in the whole growth period along with changes in several important agronomic traits. We found that the initiation of the lesions was induced by light and cel death occurred in lmm6 accompanied with accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The lower chlorophyl content, soluble protein content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, the higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content were detected in lmm6 than in the wild type (WT). Moreover, the observation by transmission electronic microscope (TEM) demonstrated that some organel es were damaged and the stroma lamel a of chloroplast was irregular and loose in mesophyl cel of lmm6. In addition, lmm6 was more resistant than WT to rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea infection, which was consistent with increased expression of four genes involved in the defense-related reaction. Genetic analysis showed that mutant trait of lmm6 is inherited as a monogenic recessive nuclear gene located on the long arm of chromosome 6. Using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, the target gene was ifnal y delimited to an interval of 80.8 kb between markers MM2359 and MM2370, containing 7 annotated genes. Taken together, our results provide the information to identify a new gene involved in rice lesion mimic, which wil be helpful in clarifying the mechanism of cel death and disease resistance in rice.展开更多
A lesion mimic stripe mutant, designated as Ims1 （lesion mimic stripe 1）, was obtained from the M2 progeny of a ^60Co y-radiation treated japonica rice variety Jiahua 1. The Ims1 mutant displayed propagation type le...A lesion mimic stripe mutant, designated as Ims1 （lesion mimic stripe 1）, was obtained from the M2 progeny of a ^60Co y-radiation treated japonica rice variety Jiahua 1. The Ims1 mutant displayed propagation type lesions across the whole growth and developmental stages. Physiology and histochemistry analysis showed that the mutant exhibited a phenotype of white stripe when grown under high temperature （30 ℃）, and the lesion mimic caused by programmed cell death under low temperature （20 ℃）. The genetic analysis indicated that this lesion-mimic phenotype is controlled by a single locus recessive nuclear gene. Furthermore, by using simple sequence repeat markers and an F2 segregating population derived from two crosses of Ims1 ×93-11 and Ims1 ×Pei＇ai 64S, the Imsl gene was mapped between markers Indel1 and MM0112-4 with a physical distance of 400 kb on chromosome 6 in rice.展开更多
Phenotypical, cytological and molecular responses of rice to the fungus Magnaporthe grisea were studied using rice cultivars and lesion mimic plants. The cultivar Katy was susceptible to several virulent M. grisea iso...Phenotypical, cytological and molecular responses of rice to the fungus Magnaporthe grisea were studied using rice cultivars and lesion mimic plants. The cultivar Katy was susceptible to several virulent M. grisea isolates, and a Sekiguchi like-lesion mimic mutant of Katy （LmmKaty） showed enhanced resistance to these isolates. Lesion mimic phenotype of LmmKaty was rapidly induced by virulent M. grisea isolates or by avirulent ones only at high levels of inoculum. Autofluorescence （a sign of an active defense response） was visible under ultraviolet light 24 h after localized inoculation in the incompatible interaction, whereas, not evident in the compatible interaction. Autofluorescence was also observed in LmmKaty 20 h after pathogen inoculation, indicating that rapid cell death is a mechanism of LmmKaty to restrict pathogen invasion. Rapid accumulations of defense related （DR） gene transcripts, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and β-glucanase, were observed beginning at 6 h and were obvious at 16 h and 24 h after inoculation in an incompatible interaction. Rapid transcript accumulations of PR-1 and chitinase had occurred by 24 h after inoculation in an incompatible interaction. Accumulations of these transcripts were delayed in the compatible interaction. These results indicate that host active defense responses occur 24 h after pathogen inoculation and that LmmKaty exhibits enhanced resistance to M. grisea. It is suggested that the autofluorescence and expression of the DR genes after heavy inoculation are important cytological and molecular markers respectively for early determination of the host response to M. grisea in the rice blast system.展开更多
水稻类病变突变体是解析植物细胞死亡和相关抗性机制的重要材料。本研究通过EMS诱变粳稻品种‘黎榆B’,获得了一个遗传稳定的类病变突变体cdb(Cell death like blast)。突变体从分蘖期开始在叶片上出现中间部位呈褐色、边缘为橙黄色的...水稻类病变突变体是解析植物细胞死亡和相关抗性机制的重要材料。本研究通过EMS诱变粳稻品种‘黎榆B’,获得了一个遗传稳定的类病变突变体cdb(Cell death like blast)。突变体从分蘖期开始在叶片上出现中间部位呈褐色、边缘为橙黄色的不规则坏死斑,出斑2~3周之内扩散至整个叶片和叶鞘,成熟期坏死斑蔓延至整株,叶片早枯,植株失去再生能力。与野生型相比较,突变体cdb粒型发生显著变化,粒宽增加,粒厚减小,花粉育性有一定丧失,结实率显著下降。遮光实验结果表明,cdb病斑表型的发生受自然光照的激发。光合色素含量测定和光合速率指标测量结果发现,突变体cdb的光合色素含量与野生型相比明显降低,净光合速率呈极显著下降。遗传分析结果表明,突变体cdb的病斑性状受单隐性核基因控制。基因定位发现该基因位于12号染色体上,在标记RM12CD05和RM1047之间约5.0 cM区域内,该区域内未存在明确定位克隆的水稻类病变突变基因,说明cdb是一种新的水稻类病变突变体。本研究为下一步该类病变基因的克隆、功能分析、类病变形成机制探究以及突变基因应用提供理论依据。展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771355,31970311)Thousand Talents Plan of China-Young ProfessionalsHuazhong Agricultural University Scientific&Technological Self-innovation Foundation(2014RC004)。
文摘Programmed cell death(PCD)is essential for both plant development and stress responses including immunity.However,how plants control PCD is not well-understood.The shikimate pathway is one of the most important metabolic pathways in plants,but its relationship to PCD is unknown.Here,we show that the shikimate pathway promotes PCD in Arabidopsis.We identify a photoperiod-dependent lesion-mimic mutant named Lesion in short-day(lis),which forms spontaneous lesions in short-day conditions.Mapbased cloning and whole-genome resequencing reveal that LIS encodes MEE32,a bifunctional enzyme in the shikimate pathway.Metabolic analysis shows that the level of shikimate is dramatically increased in lis.Through genetic screenings,three suppressors of lis(slis)are identified and the causal genes are cloned.SLISes encode proteins upstream of MEE32 in the shikimate pathway.Furthermore,exogenous shikimate treatment causes PCD.Our study uncovers a link between the shikimate pathway and PCD,and suggests that the accumulation of shikimate is an alternative explanation for the action of glyphosate,the most successful herbicide.
基金supported by the Major Special Foundation of Transgenic Plants in China (2013ZX001-003 and 2014ZX08009-15B)
文摘A novel rice lesion mimic mutant (LMM) was isolated from an ethane methyl sulfonate (EMS)-induced 02428 mutant bank. The mutant, tentatively designated as lmm6, develops necrotic lesions in the whole growth period along with changes in several important agronomic traits. We found that the initiation of the lesions was induced by light and cel death occurred in lmm6 accompanied with accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The lower chlorophyl content, soluble protein content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, the higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content were detected in lmm6 than in the wild type (WT). Moreover, the observation by transmission electronic microscope (TEM) demonstrated that some organel es were damaged and the stroma lamel a of chloroplast was irregular and loose in mesophyl cel of lmm6. In addition, lmm6 was more resistant than WT to rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea infection, which was consistent with increased expression of four genes involved in the defense-related reaction. Genetic analysis showed that mutant trait of lmm6 is inherited as a monogenic recessive nuclear gene located on the long arm of chromosome 6. Using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, the target gene was ifnal y delimited to an interval of 80.8 kb between markers MM2359 and MM2370, containing 7 annotated genes. Taken together, our results provide the information to identify a new gene involved in rice lesion mimic, which wil be helpful in clarifying the mechanism of cel death and disease resistance in rice.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB119000)the National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.31000094,31100188 and 30970246)
文摘A lesion mimic stripe mutant, designated as Ims1 （lesion mimic stripe 1）, was obtained from the M2 progeny of a ^60Co y-radiation treated japonica rice variety Jiahua 1. The Ims1 mutant displayed propagation type lesions across the whole growth and developmental stages. Physiology and histochemistry analysis showed that the mutant exhibited a phenotype of white stripe when grown under high temperature （30 ℃）, and the lesion mimic caused by programmed cell death under low temperature （20 ℃）. The genetic analysis indicated that this lesion-mimic phenotype is controlled by a single locus recessive nuclear gene. Furthermore, by using simple sequence repeat markers and an F2 segregating population derived from two crosses of Ims1 ×93-11 and Ims1 ×Pei＇ai 64S, the Imsl gene was mapped between markers Indel1 and MM0112-4 with a physical distance of 400 kb on chromosome 6 in rice.
文摘Phenotypical, cytological and molecular responses of rice to the fungus Magnaporthe grisea were studied using rice cultivars and lesion mimic plants. The cultivar Katy was susceptible to several virulent M. grisea isolates, and a Sekiguchi like-lesion mimic mutant of Katy （LmmKaty） showed enhanced resistance to these isolates. Lesion mimic phenotype of LmmKaty was rapidly induced by virulent M. grisea isolates or by avirulent ones only at high levels of inoculum. Autofluorescence （a sign of an active defense response） was visible under ultraviolet light 24 h after localized inoculation in the incompatible interaction, whereas, not evident in the compatible interaction. Autofluorescence was also observed in LmmKaty 20 h after pathogen inoculation, indicating that rapid cell death is a mechanism of LmmKaty to restrict pathogen invasion. Rapid accumulations of defense related （DR） gene transcripts, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and β-glucanase, were observed beginning at 6 h and were obvious at 16 h and 24 h after inoculation in an incompatible interaction. Rapid transcript accumulations of PR-1 and chitinase had occurred by 24 h after inoculation in an incompatible interaction. Accumulations of these transcripts were delayed in the compatible interaction. These results indicate that host active defense responses occur 24 h after pathogen inoculation and that LmmKaty exhibits enhanced resistance to M. grisea. It is suggested that the autofluorescence and expression of the DR genes after heavy inoculation are important cytological and molecular markers respectively for early determination of the host response to M. grisea in the rice blast system.
文摘水稻类病变突变体是解析植物细胞死亡和相关抗性机制的重要材料。本研究通过EMS诱变粳稻品种‘黎榆B’,获得了一个遗传稳定的类病变突变体cdb(Cell death like blast)。突变体从分蘖期开始在叶片上出现中间部位呈褐色、边缘为橙黄色的不规则坏死斑,出斑2~3周之内扩散至整个叶片和叶鞘,成熟期坏死斑蔓延至整株,叶片早枯,植株失去再生能力。与野生型相比较,突变体cdb粒型发生显著变化,粒宽增加,粒厚减小,花粉育性有一定丧失,结实率显著下降。遮光实验结果表明,cdb病斑表型的发生受自然光照的激发。光合色素含量测定和光合速率指标测量结果发现,突变体cdb的光合色素含量与野生型相比明显降低,净光合速率呈极显著下降。遗传分析结果表明,突变体cdb的病斑性状受单隐性核基因控制。基因定位发现该基因位于12号染色体上,在标记RM12CD05和RM1047之间约5.0 cM区域内,该区域内未存在明确定位克隆的水稻类病变突变基因,说明cdb是一种新的水稻类病变突变体。本研究为下一步该类病变基因的克隆、功能分析、类病变形成机制探究以及突变基因应用提供理论依据。
