The innate immune system of insects is divided into humoral defenses that include the production of soluble effector molecules and cellular defenses like phagocytosis and encapsulation that are mediated by hemocytes. ...The innate immune system of insects is divided into humoral defenses that include the production of soluble effector molecules and cellular defenses like phagocytosis and encapsulation that are mediated by hemocytes. This review summarizes current understand- ing of the cellular immune response. Insects produce several terminally differentiated types of hemocytes that are distinguished by morphology, molecular and antigenic markers, and function. The differentiated hemocytes that circulate in larval or nymphal stage insects arise from two sources： progenitor cells produced during embryogenesis and mesodermally derived hematopoietic organs. Regulation of hematopoiesis and hemocyte differentiation also involves several different signaling pathways. Phagocytosis and encapsulation require that hemocytes first recognize a given target as foreign followed by activation of downstream signaling and effector responses. A number of humoral and cellular receptors have been identified that recognize different microbes and multicellular parasites. In turn, activation of these receptors stimulates a number of signaling pathways that regulate different hemocyte functions. Recent studies also identify hemocytes as important sources Of a number of humoral effector molecules required for killing different foreign invaders.展开更多
为了探讨DNA条形码技术在夜蛾物种鉴定中的可行性,本研究利用条形码通用引物扩增了北京百花山地区43种夜蛾75个样本的线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I(mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunitI,COI)基因序列,以Kimura双参数模型进行种...为了探讨DNA条形码技术在夜蛾物种鉴定中的可行性,本研究利用条形码通用引物扩增了北京百花山地区43种夜蛾75个样本的线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I(mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunitI,COI)基因序列,以Kimura双参数模型进行种内种间遗传距离分析、使用邻接法(neighbor-joining,NJ)和最大简约法(maximumparsimony,MP)分别构建系统发育树,并利用分子序列差异阈值对样本进行分子可操作分类单元(molecular defined operational taxonomic units,MOTU)划分。结果表明:所有夜蛾种类通过系统发育树可以成功区分;种内平均遗传距离(0.03%)远远小于种间平均遗传距离(11.29%);采用较为保守的1%的序列差异阈值将75个夜蛾样本分为42个MOTU,正确率为95%,除了MOTU04包含2个物种外,剩余41个MOTU与形态种呈现一一对应的关系。结果显示,基于COI基因的DNA条形码对于本研究中所涉及的夜蛾具有较好的区分,可以作为一种有效的工具在夜蛾科昆虫物种鉴定中进行应用。展开更多
文摘The innate immune system of insects is divided into humoral defenses that include the production of soluble effector molecules and cellular defenses like phagocytosis and encapsulation that are mediated by hemocytes. This review summarizes current understand- ing of the cellular immune response. Insects produce several terminally differentiated types of hemocytes that are distinguished by morphology, molecular and antigenic markers, and function. The differentiated hemocytes that circulate in larval or nymphal stage insects arise from two sources： progenitor cells produced during embryogenesis and mesodermally derived hematopoietic organs. Regulation of hematopoiesis and hemocyte differentiation also involves several different signaling pathways. Phagocytosis and encapsulation require that hemocytes first recognize a given target as foreign followed by activation of downstream signaling and effector responses. A number of humoral and cellular receptors have been identified that recognize different microbes and multicellular parasites. In turn, activation of these receptors stimulates a number of signaling pathways that regulate different hemocyte functions. Recent studies also identify hemocytes as important sources Of a number of humoral effector molecules required for killing different foreign invaders.
文摘为了探讨DNA条形码技术在夜蛾物种鉴定中的可行性,本研究利用条形码通用引物扩增了北京百花山地区43种夜蛾75个样本的线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I(mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunitI,COI)基因序列,以Kimura双参数模型进行种内种间遗传距离分析、使用邻接法(neighbor-joining,NJ)和最大简约法(maximumparsimony,MP)分别构建系统发育树,并利用分子序列差异阈值对样本进行分子可操作分类单元(molecular defined operational taxonomic units,MOTU)划分。结果表明:所有夜蛾种类通过系统发育树可以成功区分;种内平均遗传距离(0.03%)远远小于种间平均遗传距离(11.29%);采用较为保守的1%的序列差异阈值将75个夜蛾样本分为42个MOTU,正确率为95%,除了MOTU04包含2个物种外,剩余41个MOTU与形态种呈现一一对应的关系。结果显示,基于COI基因的DNA条形码对于本研究中所涉及的夜蛾具有较好的区分,可以作为一种有效的工具在夜蛾科昆虫物种鉴定中进行应用。
