The kinetics of oxygen pressure acid leaching marmatite with high indium content was studied. The effects of particle size, agitation rate, temperature, HSOconcentration, and oxygen partial pressure on leaching rate o...The kinetics of oxygen pressure acid leaching marmatite with high indium content was studied. The effects of particle size, agitation rate, temperature, HSOconcentration, and oxygen partial pressure on leaching rate of indium were investigated. The results show that when the agitation rate is above 600 r-min, its influence on indium leaching rate is insignificant. It is determined that the leaching rates increase with the increase in sulfuric acid concentration, temperature, partial oxygen pressure, and the decrease in particle size. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the process of indium leaching is controlled by interface chemical reaction, with apparent activation energy of 65.7 k J-mol. The apparent reaction orders of sulfuric acid and oxygen partial pressure are determined to be 0.749 and 1.260, respectively. The leaching reaction process follows shrinking unreacted core model. And finally, the kinetics model equation is established for indium.展开更多
Carbonate minerals and water （or geofluids） reactions are important for modeling of geochemical processes and have received considerable attention over the past decades. The calcite dissolution rates from 50℃ to 25...Carbonate minerals and water （or geofluids） reactions are important for modeling of geochemical processes and have received considerable attention over the past decades. The calcite dissolution rates from 50℃ to 250℃ at 10 MPa in deionized water with a flow rate varying from 0.2 to 5 mL/min were experimentally measured in a continuous flow column pressure vessel reactor. The dissolution began near the equilibrium with c/ceq 〉 0.3 and finally reached the equilibrium at 100℃-250℃, so the corresponding solubility was also determined as 1.87, 2.02, 2.02 and 1.88×10^-4.mol/L at 100℃, 150℃, 200℃ and 250℃ respectively, which was first increasing and then switching to decreasing with temperature and the maximum value might occur between 150℃ and 200℃. The experimental dissolution rate not only increased with temperature, but also had a rapid increase between 150℃ and 200℃ at a constant flow rate of 4 mL/min. The measured dissolution rates can be described using rate equations of R = k（1-c/ceq）n or R = kc-n. In these equations the reaction order n changed with temperature, which indicates that n was a variable rather than a constant, and the activation energy was 13.4 kJ/mol calculated with R = k（1-c/ceq）n or 18.0 kJ/mol with R = kc^-n, which is a little lower than the surface controlled values. The varied reaction order and lower activation energy indicates that calcite dissolution in this study is a complex interplay of diffusion controlled and surface controlled processes.展开更多
研究了电解锰渣碱浸提硅过程中,浸出时间、浸出温度、氢氧化钠初始浓度、液固比(溶液体积与电解锰渣质量比)和搅拌速率对二氧化硅浸出率的影响,探讨了电解锰渣中二氧化硅的浸出动力学。结果表明,当浸出温度130℃、浸出时间5 h、氢氧化...研究了电解锰渣碱浸提硅过程中,浸出时间、浸出温度、氢氧化钠初始浓度、液固比(溶液体积与电解锰渣质量比)和搅拌速率对二氧化硅浸出率的影响,探讨了电解锰渣中二氧化硅的浸出动力学。结果表明,当浸出温度130℃、浸出时间5 h、氢氧化钠初始浓度12.5 mol/L、液固比5 m L/g、搅拌速率300 r/min时,二氧化硅浸出率达到82.04%;90~130℃时,浸出过程遵循受界面化学反应控制的收缩未反应核模型,化学反应活化能为72.0 k J/mol,表观反应级数为1.12。展开更多
In this study,we systematically investigated the effect of proton concentration on the kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)on Pt(111)in acidic solutions.Experimental results demonstrate a rectangular hyperbo...In this study,we systematically investigated the effect of proton concentration on the kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)on Pt(111)in acidic solutions.Experimental results demonstrate a rectangular hyperbolic relationship,i.e.,the ORR current excluding the effect of other variables increases with proton concentration and then tends to a constant value.We consider that this is caused by the limitation of ORR kinetics by the trace oxygen concentration in the solution,which determines the upper limit of ORR kinetics.A model of effective concentration is further proposed for rectangular hyperbolic relationships:when the reactant concentration is high enough to reach a critical saturation concentration,the effective reactant concentration will become a constant value.This could be due to the limited concentration of a certain reactant for reactions involving more than one reactant or the limited number of active sites available on the catalyst.Our study provides new insights into the kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions,and it is important for the proper evaluation of catalyst activity and the study of structureperformance relationships.展开更多
The prepolymerization and curing reaction kinetics of polyurethane/montmorillonite have been studied with end group analysis and FTIR respectively. It was found that the prepolymerization and curing reaction followed ...The prepolymerization and curing reaction kinetics of polyurethane/montmorillonite have been studied with end group analysis and FTIR respectively. It was found that the prepolymerization and curing reaction followed the 2nd-order kinetics. But the activation energy of prepolymerization increased from 42.7 kJ/mol to 56.5 kJ/rnol after the montmorillonite was added in the reaction system, and activation energy of curing reaction decreased from 64.4 kJ/mol to 17.5 kJ/mol. 2007 Bing Liao. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.展开更多
研究了富铁熔融镍渣在空气气氛下的等温氧化动力学行为。利用高温激光共聚焦显微镜(HT-CLSM)确定三元碱度0.6调质镍渣的实际熔融温度(液相线温度)为1488℃。通过管式炉等温氧化试验,获取温度1500~1575℃下熔融镍渣氧化过程Fe^(2+)浓度-...研究了富铁熔融镍渣在空气气氛下的等温氧化动力学行为。利用高温激光共聚焦显微镜(HT-CLSM)确定三元碱度0.6调质镍渣的实际熔融温度(液相线温度)为1488℃。通过管式炉等温氧化试验,获取温度1500~1575℃下熔融镍渣氧化过程Fe^(2+)浓度-时间曲线,采用微分法和Arrhenius方程计算出熔渣中Fe^(2+)的氧化反应级数为1.45~1.26,表观活化能为286.83 k J/mol,明确熔融镍渣氧化动力学主要受扩散传质控速。基于双膜理论和渗透理论,估算出1500~1575℃熔渣中氧的扩散系数分别为2.02×10^(-9)~4.42×10^(-9)m^(2)/s和0.50×10^(-9)~2.19×10^(-9)m^(2)/s,双膜理论估算出的氧扩散系数更具参考意义。展开更多
基金financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No. 2012AA062303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U1402271, 51504059 and 51504058)
文摘The kinetics of oxygen pressure acid leaching marmatite with high indium content was studied. The effects of particle size, agitation rate, temperature, HSOconcentration, and oxygen partial pressure on leaching rate of indium were investigated. The results show that when the agitation rate is above 600 r-min, its influence on indium leaching rate is insignificant. It is determined that the leaching rates increase with the increase in sulfuric acid concentration, temperature, partial oxygen pressure, and the decrease in particle size. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the process of indium leaching is controlled by interface chemical reaction, with apparent activation energy of 65.7 k J-mol. The apparent reaction orders of sulfuric acid and oxygen partial pressure are determined to be 0.749 and 1.260, respectively. The leaching reaction process follows shrinking unreacted core model. And finally, the kinetics model equation is established for indium.
文摘Carbonate minerals and water （or geofluids） reactions are important for modeling of geochemical processes and have received considerable attention over the past decades. The calcite dissolution rates from 50℃ to 250℃ at 10 MPa in deionized water with a flow rate varying from 0.2 to 5 mL/min were experimentally measured in a continuous flow column pressure vessel reactor. The dissolution began near the equilibrium with c/ceq 〉 0.3 and finally reached the equilibrium at 100℃-250℃, so the corresponding solubility was also determined as 1.87, 2.02, 2.02 and 1.88×10^-4.mol/L at 100℃, 150℃, 200℃ and 250℃ respectively, which was first increasing and then switching to decreasing with temperature and the maximum value might occur between 150℃ and 200℃. The experimental dissolution rate not only increased with temperature, but also had a rapid increase between 150℃ and 200℃ at a constant flow rate of 4 mL/min. The measured dissolution rates can be described using rate equations of R = k（1-c/ceq）n or R = kc-n. In these equations the reaction order n changed with temperature, which indicates that n was a variable rather than a constant, and the activation energy was 13.4 kJ/mol calculated with R = k（1-c/ceq）n or 18.0 kJ/mol with R = kc^-n, which is a little lower than the surface controlled values. The varied reaction order and lower activation energy indicates that calcite dissolution in this study is a complex interplay of diffusion controlled and surface controlled processes.
文摘研究了电解锰渣碱浸提硅过程中,浸出时间、浸出温度、氢氧化钠初始浓度、液固比(溶液体积与电解锰渣质量比)和搅拌速率对二氧化硅浸出率的影响,探讨了电解锰渣中二氧化硅的浸出动力学。结果表明,当浸出温度130℃、浸出时间5 h、氢氧化钠初始浓度12.5 mol/L、液固比5 m L/g、搅拌速率300 r/min时,二氧化硅浸出率达到82.04%;90~130℃时,浸出过程遵循受界面化学反应控制的收缩未反应核模型,化学反应活化能为72.0 k J/mol,表观反应级数为1.12。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21972131)。
文摘In this study,we systematically investigated the effect of proton concentration on the kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)on Pt(111)in acidic solutions.Experimental results demonstrate a rectangular hyperbolic relationship,i.e.,the ORR current excluding the effect of other variables increases with proton concentration and then tends to a constant value.We consider that this is caused by the limitation of ORR kinetics by the trace oxygen concentration in the solution,which determines the upper limit of ORR kinetics.A model of effective concentration is further proposed for rectangular hyperbolic relationships:when the reactant concentration is high enough to reach a critical saturation concentration,the effective reactant concentration will become a constant value.This could be due to the limited concentration of a certain reactant for reactions involving more than one reactant or the limited number of active sites available on the catalyst.Our study provides new insights into the kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions,and it is important for the proper evaluation of catalyst activity and the study of structureperformance relationships.
文摘The prepolymerization and curing reaction kinetics of polyurethane/montmorillonite have been studied with end group analysis and FTIR respectively. It was found that the prepolymerization and curing reaction followed the 2nd-order kinetics. But the activation energy of prepolymerization increased from 42.7 kJ/mol to 56.5 kJ/rnol after the montmorillonite was added in the reaction system, and activation energy of curing reaction decreased from 64.4 kJ/mol to 17.5 kJ/mol. 2007 Bing Liao. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
文摘研究了富铁熔融镍渣在空气气氛下的等温氧化动力学行为。利用高温激光共聚焦显微镜(HT-CLSM)确定三元碱度0.6调质镍渣的实际熔融温度(液相线温度)为1488℃。通过管式炉等温氧化试验,获取温度1500~1575℃下熔融镍渣氧化过程Fe^(2+)浓度-时间曲线,采用微分法和Arrhenius方程计算出熔渣中Fe^(2+)的氧化反应级数为1.45~1.26,表观活化能为286.83 k J/mol,明确熔融镍渣氧化动力学主要受扩散传质控速。基于双膜理论和渗透理论,估算出1500~1575℃熔渣中氧的扩散系数分别为2.02×10^(-9)~4.42×10^(-9)m^(2)/s和0.50×10^(-9)~2.19×10^(-9)m^(2)/s,双膜理论估算出的氧扩散系数更具参考意义。
