为了探究中红外-热风组合(combined mid-infrared and hot air,CMIHA)干燥对牛肉干物性特性的影响,该文研究了CMIHA干燥工艺和热风(hot air,HA)干燥工艺对牛肉干干燥过程中色泽与质构特性的影响。通过分析牛肉干在2种干燥过程中亮度值...为了探究中红外-热风组合(combined mid-infrared and hot air,CMIHA)干燥对牛肉干物性特性的影响,该文研究了CMIHA干燥工艺和热风(hot air,HA)干燥工艺对牛肉干干燥过程中色泽与质构特性的影响。通过分析牛肉干在2种干燥过程中亮度值、红度值、黄度值的变化,结合肌红蛋白、高铁肌红蛋白、氧合肌红蛋白及血红素铁的含量变化,研究干燥工艺对牛肉干色泽的影响;通过测定干燥过程中牛肉干嫩度和质构分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)的变化,并基于扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、透射电镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)以及核磁成像系统(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)研究干燥工艺对牛肉干微观结构及氢质子密度的影响,分析干燥工艺对牛肉干质构的影响。结果表明:与HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥后期能够显著(P<0.05)改善牛肉干的色泽,提高牛肉干的嫩度,增加牛肉干的弹性和咀嚼性;另外,与HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥能够降低肌红蛋白的氧化,增加氧合肌红蛋白、肌红蛋白和血红素铁的含量,赋予牛肉干较好的色泽;SEM与TEM观察结果表明,牛肉在干燥过程中,肌肉的微观结构均发生一定的收缩,但与HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥的牛肉干肌肉微观结构收缩程度较轻,同时微观结构保持较好;MRI观察结果表明,与HA干燥相比,牛肉干在CMIHA干燥过程中,内外水分分布较均匀,且收缩程度较轻。与生产中常规使用的HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥能够降低肌红蛋白的氧化和肌肉微观结构的收缩,增加内外水分子分布的均一性,从而改善牛肉干的色泽和质构,提高牛肉干的物性特性。研究结果为CMIHA干燥在牛肉干方面的应用提供理论依据与技术参考。展开更多
The infrared radiation signature of the plume from solid propellants with different energy characteristics is not the same. Three kinds of double-base propellants of different energy characteristics are chosen to meas...The infrared radiation signature of the plume from solid propellants with different energy characteristics is not the same. Three kinds of double-base propellants of different energy characteristics are chosen to measure the infrared spectral radiance from 1000 cm 1 to 4500 cm 1 of their plumes. The radiative spectrum is obtained in the tests. The experimental results indicate that the infrared radiation of the plume is determined by the energy characteristics of the propellant. The radiative transfer calculation models of the exhaust plume for the solid propellants are established. By including the chemical reaction source term and the radiation source term into the energy equation, the plume field and the radiative transfer are solved in a coupled way. The calculated results are consistent with the experimental data, so the reliability of the models is confirmed. The temperature distribution and the extent of the afterburning of the plume are distinct for the propellants of different energy characteristics, therefore the plume radiation varies for different propellants. The temperature of the fluid cell in the plume will increase or decrease to some extent by the influence of the radiation term.展开更多
文摘为了探究中红外-热风组合(combined mid-infrared and hot air,CMIHA)干燥对牛肉干物性特性的影响,该文研究了CMIHA干燥工艺和热风(hot air,HA)干燥工艺对牛肉干干燥过程中色泽与质构特性的影响。通过分析牛肉干在2种干燥过程中亮度值、红度值、黄度值的变化,结合肌红蛋白、高铁肌红蛋白、氧合肌红蛋白及血红素铁的含量变化,研究干燥工艺对牛肉干色泽的影响;通过测定干燥过程中牛肉干嫩度和质构分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)的变化,并基于扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、透射电镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)以及核磁成像系统(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)研究干燥工艺对牛肉干微观结构及氢质子密度的影响,分析干燥工艺对牛肉干质构的影响。结果表明:与HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥后期能够显著(P<0.05)改善牛肉干的色泽,提高牛肉干的嫩度,增加牛肉干的弹性和咀嚼性;另外,与HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥能够降低肌红蛋白的氧化,增加氧合肌红蛋白、肌红蛋白和血红素铁的含量,赋予牛肉干较好的色泽;SEM与TEM观察结果表明,牛肉在干燥过程中,肌肉的微观结构均发生一定的收缩,但与HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥的牛肉干肌肉微观结构收缩程度较轻,同时微观结构保持较好;MRI观察结果表明,与HA干燥相比,牛肉干在CMIHA干燥过程中,内外水分分布较均匀,且收缩程度较轻。与生产中常规使用的HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥能够降低肌红蛋白的氧化和肌肉微观结构的收缩,增加内外水分子分布的均一性,从而改善牛肉干的色泽和质构,提高牛肉干的物性特性。研究结果为CMIHA干燥在牛肉干方面的应用提供理论依据与技术参考。
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11072032)
文摘The infrared radiation signature of the plume from solid propellants with different energy characteristics is not the same. Three kinds of double-base propellants of different energy characteristics are chosen to measure the infrared spectral radiance from 1000 cm 1 to 4500 cm 1 of their plumes. The radiative spectrum is obtained in the tests. The experimental results indicate that the infrared radiation of the plume is determined by the energy characteristics of the propellant. The radiative transfer calculation models of the exhaust plume for the solid propellants are established. By including the chemical reaction source term and the radiation source term into the energy equation, the plume field and the radiative transfer are solved in a coupled way. The calculated results are consistent with the experimental data, so the reliability of the models is confirmed. The temperature distribution and the extent of the afterburning of the plume are distinct for the propellants of different energy characteristics, therefore the plume radiation varies for different propellants. The temperature of the fluid cell in the plume will increase or decrease to some extent by the influence of the radiation term.
