The effects of alloying elements on the mechanical properties as well as electrical conductivity in Cu-15%Cr(mass fraction) in-situ composites were systematically studied and high strength and high electrical conducti...The effects of alloying elements on the mechanical properties as well as electrical conductivity in Cu-15%Cr(mass fraction) in-situ composites were systematically studied and high strength and high electrical conductive Cu base in-situ composites have been developed. The best combination is the addition of 0.1% to 0.2% Zr, Ti, or Sn in Cu-15%Cr in-situ composite, thermomechanical treatment to refine the microstructure and optimizing the precipitation of second phase. The strength is controlled by high density of dislocations in the Cu matrix, the lamellar spacing of the second phase, and the fine Cr precipitates. The aging treatment to reduce solute atoms has a beneficial effect on the increase of electrical conductivity. The addition of Zr, or Ti of about 0.15% to 0.2% promotes the precipitation of Cr particles.展开更多
A large number of in-situ measurements of cloud-precipitation microphysical properties have been made since 1960, including measurements of particle size distribution, particle concentration, and liquid water content ...A large number of in-situ measurements of cloud-precipitation microphysical properties have been made since 1960, including measurements of particle size distribution, particle concentration, and liquid water content of clouds and rain. These measurements have contributed to considerable progress in understanding microphysical processes in clouds and precipitation and significant improvements in parameterizations of cloud microphysics in numerical models. This work reviews key findings regarding cloud-precipitation microphysics over China. The total number concentrations of various particles vary significantly, with certain characteristic spatial scales. The size distributions of cloud droplets in stratiform clouds can generally be fit with gamma distributions, but the fit parameters cover a wide range. Raindrop size distributions（RSDs）associated with stratiform clouds can be fit with either exponential or gamma distributions, while RSDs associated with convective or mixed stratiform-cumuliform clouds are best fit with gamma distributions.Concentrations of ice nuclei（IN） over China are higher than those observed over other regions, and increase exponentially as temperature decreases. The particle size distributions of ice crystals, snow crystals, and hailstones sampled at a variety of locations can be reliably approximated by using exponential distributions,while aerosol particle size distributions are best described as the sum of a modified gamma distribution and a Junge power-law distribution. These results are helpful for evaluating and improving the fidelity of physical processes and hydrometeor fields simulated by microphysical parameterizations. The comprehensive summary and analysis of previous work presented here also provide useful guidelines for the design of future observational programs.展开更多
The soil solidifying technology started booming from the 1940s and formed an integrated cross-discipline.This paper aimed to study the effect and mechanism of soil solidification by microorganisms.Soil specimens treat...The soil solidifying technology started booming from the 1940s and formed an integrated cross-discipline.This paper aimed to study the effect and mechanism of soil solidification by microorganisms.Soil specimens treated by different methods were designed.Then the compressive strengths of these specimens on day 7 were tested and the situ bacteria culturing technique in soil was investigated.Finally the mechanism of soil solidification by microorganisms was explored according to the decomposition rate of substrate,pH value and the SEM and XRD analysis.Experimental results showed that the soil could be solidified by filling enhancement and precipitation of microorganisms.The compressive strength increased with bacteria A but decreased with substrate B,and soil specimen got a higher strength with bacteria situ cultured.The suitable pH value for bacteria A was 8–9,and the delay of lime addition could make substrate decomposition more completely,lower the influence by the existence of substrate,and improve the strength.In XRD and SEM images,precipitation of CaCO3 could be speculated.展开更多
To further reveal the influence of micro-segregation on the precipitation behavior of MnS in sulfur-bearing steel system, a coupled model of micro-segregation and MnS precipitation was established by the finite-differ...To further reveal the influence of micro-segregation on the precipitation behavior of MnS in sulfur-bearing steel system, a coupled model of micro-segregation and MnS precipitation was established by the finite-difference method based on various calculation domains and the solid diffusion degrees, and a new controlled diffusion equation with more stable convergence was also used. 49MnVS3 and 1215 steels were used to analyze the influence of calculation domain, segregation model and S content on the precipitation behavior of MnS. The calculation results were verified by a high- temperature confocal laser scanning microscope （HT-CLSM）. The results show that the domain has little effect on the precipitation temperature, precipitation solid fraction and precipitation amount of MnS, but affects the precipitation location and segregation of the solutes. For low- and medium-sulfur steels, the temperatures calculated by the diffusion control growth （DCG） model and the Lever model were nearly identical, whereas the temperature calculated by the Scheil model was lower. However, for high-sulfur steels, the precipitation temperatures calculated by three segregation models were nearly same. The precipitation solid fraction is more reasonable to describe the precipitation behavior of MnS. The precipitation behavior of MnS, observed by the HT-CLSM, matches well with that in the DCG model.展开更多
Homogeneous chitosan-silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite （CS-SF/HA） composites were prepared by in situ precipitation method driven by a multiple-order template. The morphology of the composites was investigated by scanning...Homogeneous chitosan-silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite （CS-SF/HA） composites were prepared by in situ precipitation method driven by a multiple-order template. The morphology of the composites was investigated by scanning electron microscope （SEM） and transmission electron microscope （TEM）. The compositional analysis was carried out by X-ray diffraction analysis （XRD） and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）. The mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the composites were also determined. The results indicated that the inorganic particles of uniform size （50 nm） were well-dispersed among the CS-SF matrices. The compressive modulus of the CS-SF/HA composites was enhanced with the increasing amount of SF. The in vitro results suggested that the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells on CS-SF/HA composite disks displayed strong bonding and spreading, and the cell proliferation cultured on each composite disk increased throughout the culture period for up to 7 days. Especially, the samples with higher content of SF had much better biological properties. The evidences proved that the CS-SF/HA composites possessed excellent biocompatibility. By using the freeze-drying technique, hierarchical porous scaffolds with pores ranging from 50 μm to 200 μm were obtained. This work presented the advantages of in situ precipitation method to prepare the organic/inorganic composites, and a multiple-order template was introduced in the system to improve the properties of the composites by combining the merits of each organic template.展开更多
文摘The effects of alloying elements on the mechanical properties as well as electrical conductivity in Cu-15%Cr(mass fraction) in-situ composites were systematically studied and high strength and high electrical conductive Cu base in-situ composites have been developed. The best combination is the addition of 0.1% to 0.2% Zr, Ti, or Sn in Cu-15%Cr in-situ composite, thermomechanical treatment to refine the microstructure and optimizing the precipitation of second phase. The strength is controlled by high density of dislocations in the Cu matrix, the lamellar spacing of the second phase, and the fine Cr precipitates. The aging treatment to reduce solute atoms has a beneficial effect on the increase of electrical conductivity. The addition of Zr, or Ti of about 0.15% to 0.2% promotes the precipitation of Cr particles.
基金Supported by the China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund(GYHY201006014 and GYHY201306005)National Natural Science Foundation of China(91437221,41175064,and 41175047)+1 种基金National(Key)Basic Research and Development(973)Program of China(2012CB417204)Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2014R016 and 2014Z001)
文摘A large number of in-situ measurements of cloud-precipitation microphysical properties have been made since 1960, including measurements of particle size distribution, particle concentration, and liquid water content of clouds and rain. These measurements have contributed to considerable progress in understanding microphysical processes in clouds and precipitation and significant improvements in parameterizations of cloud microphysics in numerical models. This work reviews key findings regarding cloud-precipitation microphysics over China. The total number concentrations of various particles vary significantly, with certain characteristic spatial scales. The size distributions of cloud droplets in stratiform clouds can generally be fit with gamma distributions, but the fit parameters cover a wide range. Raindrop size distributions（RSDs）associated with stratiform clouds can be fit with either exponential or gamma distributions, while RSDs associated with convective or mixed stratiform-cumuliform clouds are best fit with gamma distributions.Concentrations of ice nuclei（IN） over China are higher than those observed over other regions, and increase exponentially as temperature decreases. The particle size distributions of ice crystals, snow crystals, and hailstones sampled at a variety of locations can be reliably approximated by using exponential distributions,while aerosol particle size distributions are best described as the sum of a modified gamma distribution and a Junge power-law distribution. These results are helpful for evaluating and improving the fidelity of physical processes and hydrometeor fields simulated by microphysical parameterizations. The comprehensive summary and analysis of previous work presented here also provide useful guidelines for the design of future observational programs.
基金supported by Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No.20090092110029)
文摘The soil solidifying technology started booming from the 1940s and formed an integrated cross-discipline.This paper aimed to study the effect and mechanism of soil solidification by microorganisms.Soil specimens treated by different methods were designed.Then the compressive strengths of these specimens on day 7 were tested and the situ bacteria culturing technique in soil was investigated.Finally the mechanism of soil solidification by microorganisms was explored according to the decomposition rate of substrate,pH value and the SEM and XRD analysis.Experimental results showed that the soil could be solidified by filling enhancement and precipitation of microorganisms.The compressive strength increased with bacteria A but decreased with substrate B,and soil specimen got a higher strength with bacteria situ cultured.The suitable pH value for bacteria A was 8–9,and the delay of lime addition could make substrate decomposition more completely,lower the influence by the existence of substrate,and improve the strength.In XRD and SEM images,precipitation of CaCO3 could be speculated.
基金Acknowledgements The work is financially sponsored by the National Key Research and Development Program of China （No. 201SYFB0704400）, the State Key Laboratory of Development and Application Technology of Automotive Steels （Bao-steel Group Co. Ltd.）, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 51671124）.
文摘To further reveal the influence of micro-segregation on the precipitation behavior of MnS in sulfur-bearing steel system, a coupled model of micro-segregation and MnS precipitation was established by the finite-difference method based on various calculation domains and the solid diffusion degrees, and a new controlled diffusion equation with more stable convergence was also used. 49MnVS3 and 1215 steels were used to analyze the influence of calculation domain, segregation model and S content on the precipitation behavior of MnS. The calculation results were verified by a high- temperature confocal laser scanning microscope （HT-CLSM）. The results show that the domain has little effect on the precipitation temperature, precipitation solid fraction and precipitation amount of MnS, but affects the precipitation location and segregation of the solutes. For low- and medium-sulfur steels, the temperatures calculated by the diffusion control growth （DCG） model and the Lever model were nearly identical, whereas the temperature calculated by the Scheil model was lower. However, for high-sulfur steels, the precipitation temperatures calculated by three segregation models were nearly same. The precipitation solid fraction is more reasonable to describe the precipitation behavior of MnS. The precipitation behavior of MnS, observed by the HT-CLSM, matches well with that in the DCG model.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31071265 and 30900297)
文摘Homogeneous chitosan-silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite （CS-SF/HA） composites were prepared by in situ precipitation method driven by a multiple-order template. The morphology of the composites was investigated by scanning electron microscope （SEM） and transmission electron microscope （TEM）. The compositional analysis was carried out by X-ray diffraction analysis （XRD） and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）. The mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the composites were also determined. The results indicated that the inorganic particles of uniform size （50 nm） were well-dispersed among the CS-SF matrices. The compressive modulus of the CS-SF/HA composites was enhanced with the increasing amount of SF. The in vitro results suggested that the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells on CS-SF/HA composite disks displayed strong bonding and spreading, and the cell proliferation cultured on each composite disk increased throughout the culture period for up to 7 days. Especially, the samples with higher content of SF had much better biological properties. The evidences proved that the CS-SF/HA composites possessed excellent biocompatibility. By using the freeze-drying technique, hierarchical porous scaffolds with pores ranging from 50 μm to 200 μm were obtained. This work presented the advantages of in situ precipitation method to prepare the organic/inorganic composites, and a multiple-order template was introduced in the system to improve the properties of the composites by combining the merits of each organic template.
