The oil-rich Damintun Depression is located in the Liaohe Basin, Northeast China, and was formed during the Paleogene. The major oil-producing strata in the depression are mudstone and shale. To explore the burial dia...The oil-rich Damintun Depression is located in the Liaohe Basin, Northeast China, and was formed during the Paleogene. The major oil-producing strata in the depression are mudstone and shale. To explore the burial diagenetic history of the basin and the formation thresholds of hydrocarbons, the characters of the kaolinite subgroup minerals and mixed-layer illite/smectite in the mudstone and the shale are studied by using X-ray diffraction, electron probe, scanning electron microscope, and Fourier infrared spectrum. The kaolinite subgroup consists of kaolinite and halloysite. The kaolinite is flake-like or vermiform-like. The halloysite is in long tubular shape and its length is related to its iron content. A longer tube has lower iron content. The crystallinity of kaolinite is 0.40 ~20, and its degree of order increases from 0.03 to 1.17 with the burial depth. Kaolinite is in disorder when the buried depth is less than or equal to 2479 m, and it is partially ordered when the buried depth is greater than 2479 m. Kaolinite is supposed to turn into dickite when the depth is greater than 2550 m, but low penetrability and low poros- ity of the shale and mudstone prevent such a change. The mixed-layer illite/smectite changes from disorder to order continually as the buried depth increases. Its disorder （RoI/S）, as defined by illite layer content （I%）, is smaller than 50% at depths less than 2550.25 m. Based on Hoffman ＆ Hower＇s model, the paleo-geothermal gradients of 3.37-3.76℃/100 m （3.57℃/100 m on average） can be derived in the Paleocene Damintun Depression, which is significantly higher than the present geothermal gradient （2.9℃00 m）. The threshold depth of the oil formation in the depression is about 2550 m.展开更多
A series of mesoporous silicate adsorbents with superior adsorption performance for hazardous chlortetracycline（CTC） were sucessfully prepared via a facile one-pot hydrothermal reaction using low-cost illite/smectit...A series of mesoporous silicate adsorbents with superior adsorption performance for hazardous chlortetracycline（CTC） were sucessfully prepared via a facile one-pot hydrothermal reaction using low-cost illite/smectite（IS） clay,sodium silicate and magnesium sulfate as the starting materials.In this process,IS clay was ＂teared up＂ and then ＂rebuilt＂ as new porous silicate adsorbent with high specific surface area of 363.52 m^2/g（about 8.7 folds higher than that of IS clay） and very negative Zeta potential（- 34.5 mV）.The inert Si- O- Si（Mg,Al） bonds in crystal framework of IS were broken to form Si（Al）- O^- groups with good adsorption activity,which greatly increased the adsorption sites served for holding much CTC molecules.Systematic evaluation on adsorption properties reveals the optimal silicate adsorbent can adsorb 408.81 mg/g of CTC（only 159.7 mg/g for raw IS clay） and remove 99.3%（only 46.5%for raw IS clay） of CTC from 100 mg/L initial solution（pH 3.51;adsorption temperature 30℃;adsorbent dosage,3 g/L）.The adsorption behaviors of CTC onto the adsorbent follows the Langmuir isotherm model,Temkin equation and pseudo second-order kinetic model.The mesopore adsorption,electrostatic attraction and chemical association mainly contribute to the enhanced adsorption properties.As a whole,the high-efficient silicate adsorbent could be candidates to remove CTC from the wastewater with high amounts of CTC.展开更多
THE progressive transformation of smectite into illite via mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S) phases occurs during hydrothermal alteration, burial diagenesis and regional metamorphism. The proportion of illite or smect...THE progressive transformation of smectite into illite via mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S) phases occurs during hydrothermal alteration, burial diagenesis and regional metamorphism. The proportion of illite or smectite (also indicated by their expandability) and ordering of I/S, interpreted by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) profiles, have long been used as geothermometers in sedimentary basins. It is found that R=1 ordering mixed-layer I/S still exists展开更多
There are two aspects in the study of irregular mixed-layer clay minerals: one is the kinds and ratios of their basic structural unit layers and the other is the junction probabilities of the unit layers. Irregular mi...There are two aspects in the study of irregular mixed-layer clay minerals: one is the kinds and ratios of their basic structural unit layers and the other is the junction probabilities of the unit layers. Irregular mixed-layer illite/smectite clay minerals (I/S) are widespread in nature. While studying the clay minerals from the Permian-Triassic (P/T) boundary bed, the authors found that I/S clay minerals are developed in all P/T boundary clay layers in areas from the northwest to southeast of China. Systematic mineralogical studies of the I/S clay minerals from Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Zhejiang were made by means of X-ray, infrared spectroscopic, electron microscopic and chemical analyses and a deepened study of the stacking sequences of their structural unit layers was conducted by the MacEwan one—dimentional direct Fourier transform. It was found that the stacking of the illite and smectite crystal layers along the c axis can be derived from Fibonacci sequences. Hence, the authors propose that such I/S clay minerals are possessed of two—dimentional crystal lattice and one—dimentional quasicrystal lattice.展开更多
Water-sensitivity is a factor that must be paid attention to in the reservoir development stage of oil and gas fields.As a clastic reservoir,the water effect of Ahe formation in the northern structural belt of Kuqa is...Water-sensitivity is a factor that must be paid attention to in the reservoir development stage of oil and gas fields.As a clastic reservoir,the water effect of Ahe formation in the northern structural belt of Kuqa is strong as a whole,but the mechanism analysis of medium and strong water-sensitivity effect is restricted by the evaluation method with permeability damage rate as the main parameter.Taking the shape of water-sensitivity test curve as the starting point,combined with the analysis of microscopic pore throat and clay minerals,the difference of permeability change rate measured by samples is characterized.The strong to medium water-sensitivity effects in the study layer are divided into three types:The permeability gradually decreases in the early stage-the rapid decrease in the late stage,the continuous decrease in the permeability,and the rapid decrease in the early stage-the slow decrease in the later stage.As awidely developed reservoir space in the study section,the micropore not only has the characteristics of fine pore size and easy blockage,but also serves as the occurrence space of the main water-sensitive mineral illite-smectite mixed layer.Therefore,the change types of the above different water sensitivity test curves are mainly controlled by the difference of micropore content.When the micropore content is low,the permeability decreases slowly in the early stage and decreases rapidly in the later stage(type Ⅰ),while when the micropore content is high,the permeability decreases rapidly in the early stage and slowly decreases in the later stage(type Ⅱ),while when the micropore content is medium,the permeability decreases continuously,and there is no obvious rate change(type Ⅲ)before and after the micropore content.The results show that the structural characteristics and relative content differences of micropores in the samples are the internal mechanism of the difference of water sensitivity effect types.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40772027)
文摘The oil-rich Damintun Depression is located in the Liaohe Basin, Northeast China, and was formed during the Paleogene. The major oil-producing strata in the depression are mudstone and shale. To explore the burial diagenetic history of the basin and the formation thresholds of hydrocarbons, the characters of the kaolinite subgroup minerals and mixed-layer illite/smectite in the mudstone and the shale are studied by using X-ray diffraction, electron probe, scanning electron microscope, and Fourier infrared spectrum. The kaolinite subgroup consists of kaolinite and halloysite. The kaolinite is flake-like or vermiform-like. The halloysite is in long tubular shape and its length is related to its iron content. A longer tube has lower iron content. The crystallinity of kaolinite is 0.40 ~20, and its degree of order increases from 0.03 to 1.17 with the burial depth. Kaolinite is in disorder when the buried depth is less than or equal to 2479 m, and it is partially ordered when the buried depth is greater than 2479 m. Kaolinite is supposed to turn into dickite when the depth is greater than 2550 m, but low penetrability and low poros- ity of the shale and mudstone prevent such a change. The mixed-layer illite/smectite changes from disorder to order continually as the buried depth increases. Its disorder （RoI/S）, as defined by illite layer content （I%）, is smaller than 50% at depths less than 2550.25 m. Based on Hoffman ＆ Hower＇s model, the paleo-geothermal gradients of 3.37-3.76℃/100 m （3.57℃/100 m on average） can be derived in the Paleocene Damintun Depression, which is significantly higher than the present geothermal gradient （2.9℃00 m）. The threshold depth of the oil formation in the depression is about 2550 m.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51403221 and 21377135)the Jiangsu Provincial Joint Innovation and Research Funding of Enterprises,Colleges and Institutes(No.BY2015056-01)+1 种基金the Huai'an Cooperative Research Project of the Enterprises,Colleges and Institutes(No.HAC2015005)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.2016370)for financial support of this research
文摘A series of mesoporous silicate adsorbents with superior adsorption performance for hazardous chlortetracycline（CTC） were sucessfully prepared via a facile one-pot hydrothermal reaction using low-cost illite/smectite（IS） clay,sodium silicate and magnesium sulfate as the starting materials.In this process,IS clay was ＂teared up＂ and then ＂rebuilt＂ as new porous silicate adsorbent with high specific surface area of 363.52 m^2/g（about 8.7 folds higher than that of IS clay） and very negative Zeta potential（- 34.5 mV）.The inert Si- O- Si（Mg,Al） bonds in crystal framework of IS were broken to form Si（Al）- O^- groups with good adsorption activity,which greatly increased the adsorption sites served for holding much CTC molecules.Systematic evaluation on adsorption properties reveals the optimal silicate adsorbent can adsorb 408.81 mg/g of CTC（only 159.7 mg/g for raw IS clay） and remove 99.3%（only 46.5%for raw IS clay） of CTC from 100 mg/L initial solution（pH 3.51;adsorption temperature 30℃;adsorbent dosage,3 g/L）.The adsorption behaviors of CTC onto the adsorbent follows the Langmuir isotherm model,Temkin equation and pseudo second-order kinetic model.The mesopore adsorption,electrostatic attraction and chemical association mainly contribute to the enhanced adsorption properties.As a whole,the high-efficient silicate adsorbent could be candidates to remove CTC from the wastewater with high amounts of CTC.
文摘THE progressive transformation of smectite into illite via mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S) phases occurs during hydrothermal alteration, burial diagenesis and regional metamorphism. The proportion of illite or smectite (also indicated by their expandability) and ordering of I/S, interpreted by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) profiles, have long been used as geothermometers in sedimentary basins. It is found that R=1 ordering mixed-layer I/S still exists
基金A project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 4880082).
文摘There are two aspects in the study of irregular mixed-layer clay minerals: one is the kinds and ratios of their basic structural unit layers and the other is the junction probabilities of the unit layers. Irregular mixed-layer illite/smectite clay minerals (I/S) are widespread in nature. While studying the clay minerals from the Permian-Triassic (P/T) boundary bed, the authors found that I/S clay minerals are developed in all P/T boundary clay layers in areas from the northwest to southeast of China. Systematic mineralogical studies of the I/S clay minerals from Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Zhejiang were made by means of X-ray, infrared spectroscopic, electron microscopic and chemical analyses and a deepened study of the stacking sequences of their structural unit layers was conducted by the MacEwan one—dimentional direct Fourier transform. It was found that the stacking of the illite and smectite crystal layers along the c axis can be derived from Fibonacci sequences. Hence, the authors propose that such I/S clay minerals are possessed of two—dimentional crystal lattice and one—dimentional quasicrystal lattice.
文摘Water-sensitivity is a factor that must be paid attention to in the reservoir development stage of oil and gas fields.As a clastic reservoir,the water effect of Ahe formation in the northern structural belt of Kuqa is strong as a whole,but the mechanism analysis of medium and strong water-sensitivity effect is restricted by the evaluation method with permeability damage rate as the main parameter.Taking the shape of water-sensitivity test curve as the starting point,combined with the analysis of microscopic pore throat and clay minerals,the difference of permeability change rate measured by samples is characterized.The strong to medium water-sensitivity effects in the study layer are divided into three types:The permeability gradually decreases in the early stage-the rapid decrease in the late stage,the continuous decrease in the permeability,and the rapid decrease in the early stage-the slow decrease in the later stage.As awidely developed reservoir space in the study section,the micropore not only has the characteristics of fine pore size and easy blockage,but also serves as the occurrence space of the main water-sensitive mineral illite-smectite mixed layer.Therefore,the change types of the above different water sensitivity test curves are mainly controlled by the difference of micropore content.When the micropore content is low,the permeability decreases slowly in the early stage and decreases rapidly in the later stage(type Ⅰ),while when the micropore content is high,the permeability decreases rapidly in the early stage and slowly decreases in the later stage(type Ⅱ),while when the micropore content is medium,the permeability decreases continuously,and there is no obvious rate change(type Ⅲ)before and after the micropore content.The results show that the structural characteristics and relative content differences of micropores in the samples are the internal mechanism of the difference of water sensitivity effect types.
