Skin,the largest organ in the human body,is sensitive to external stimuli.In recent years,an increasing number of skin-inspired electronics,including wearable electronics,implantable electronics,and electronic skin,ha...Skin,the largest organ in the human body,is sensitive to external stimuli.In recent years,an increasing number of skin-inspired electronics,including wearable electronics,implantable electronics,and electronic skin,have been developed because of their broad applications in healthcare and robotics.Physical sensors are one of the key building blocks of skin-inspired electronics.Typical physical sensors include mechanical sensors,temperature sensors,humidity sensors,electrophysiological sensors,and so on.In this review,we systematically review the latest advances of skin-inspired mechanical sensors,temperature sensors,and humidity sensors.The working mechanisms,key materials,device structures,and performance of various physical sensors are summarized and discussed in detail.Their applications in health monitoring,human disease diagnosis and treatment,and intelligent robots are reviewed.In addition,several novel properties of skin-inspired physical sensors such as versatility,self-healability,and implantability are introduced.Finally,the existing challenges and future perspectives of physical sensors for practical applications are discussed and proposed.展开更多
In the past decade,the global industry and research attentions on intelligent skin-like electronics have boosted their applications in diverse fields including human healthcare,Internet of Things,human–machine interf...In the past decade,the global industry and research attentions on intelligent skin-like electronics have boosted their applications in diverse fields including human healthcare,Internet of Things,human–machine interfaces,artificial intelligence and soft robotics.Among them,flexible humidity sensors play a vital role in noncontact measurements relying on the unique property of rapid response to humidity change.This work presents an overview of recent advances in flexible humidity sensors using various active functional materials for contactless monitoring.Four categories of humidity sensors are highlighted based on resistive,capacitive,impedance-type and voltage-type working mechanisms.Furthermore,typical strategies including chemical doping,structural design and Joule heating are introduced to enhance the performance of humidity sensors.Drawing on the noncontact perception capability,human/plant healthcare management,human-machine interactions as well as integrated humidity sensor-based feedback systems are presented.The burgeoning innovations in this research field will benefit human society,especially during the COVID-19 epidemic,where cross-infection should be averted and contactless sensation is highly desired.展开更多
畜禽养殖场内温度、湿度及各种气体构成畜禽生长的外围环境,直接影响畜禽日常行为和生长速度及免疫状态。对这些畜禽养殖场内进行检测并监控畜禽健康状态及寻找二者间的联系,对优化养殖环境,发展健康养殖具有重要意义。该研究以STM32单...畜禽养殖场内温度、湿度及各种气体构成畜禽生长的外围环境,直接影响畜禽日常行为和生长速度及免疫状态。对这些畜禽养殖场内进行检测并监控畜禽健康状态及寻找二者间的联系,对优化养殖环境,发展健康养殖具有重要意义。该研究以STM32单片机为控制核心,在固定点传感器外设置移动式智能监测平台,通过无线定位系统UWB(Ultra Wide Band)和集成传感器对畜禽养殖场内环境进行监测,利用带图传功能摄像头和红外测温装置实时监控畜禽状态。传感器获取信息后将数据以UART、IIC或模拟量输出方式传递给STM32,STM32处理数据后通过物联网WIFI模块上传至阿里云IoT(The Internet of Things)物联网平台,用户登录网页页面即可对数据进行远程访问,并对畜禽状态进行实时监控。实测结果表明,智能检测平台检测数据与猪场内布置的传感器检测结果相近,二者偏差小于10%,在无遮挡情况下布置无线定位系统,定位误差接近10 cm级。系统检测数据可信,数据传输正常,可持续长时间稳定运行。机动平台还开发了搬运功能,单次运送能力为200 kg左右。移动式智能监测平台为畜禽养殖场内实现全范围环境监控提供了设备基础。展开更多
Flexible and wearable humidity sensors play a vital role in daily point-of-care diagnosis and noncontact human-machine interactions.However,achieving a facile and high-speed fabrication approach to realizing flexible ...Flexible and wearable humidity sensors play a vital role in daily point-of-care diagnosis and noncontact human-machine interactions.However,achieving a facile and high-speed fabrication approach to realizing flexible humidity sensors remains a challenge.In this work,a wearable capacitive-type Ga_(2)O_(3)/liquid metal-based humidity sensor is demonstrated by a one-step laser direct writing technique.Owing to the photothermal effect of laser,the Ga_(2)O_(3)-wrapped liquid metal particles can be selectively sintered and converted from insulative to conductive traces with a resistivity of 0.19Ω·cm,while the untreated regions serve as active sensing layers in response to moisture changes.Under 95%relative humidity,the humidity sensor displays a highly stable performance along with rapid response and recover time.Utilizing these superior properties,the Ga_(2)O_(3)/liquid metal-based humidity sensor is able to monitor human respiration rate,as well as skin moisture of the palm under different physiological states for healthcare monitoring.展开更多
Respiratory monitoring plays a pivotal role in health assessment and provides an important application prospect for flexible humidity sensors.However,traditional humidity sensors suffer from a trade-off between deform...Respiratory monitoring plays a pivotal role in health assessment and provides an important application prospect for flexible humidity sensors.However,traditional humidity sensors suffer from a trade-off between deformability,sensitivity,and transparency,and thus the development of high-performance,stretchable,and low-cost humidity sensors is urgently needed as wearable electronics.Here,ultrasensitive,highly deformable,and transparent humidity sensors are fabricated based on cost-effective polyacrylamide-based double network hydrogels.Concomitantly,a general method for preparing hydrogel films with controllable thickness is proposed to boost the sensitivity of hydrogel-based sensors due to the extensively increased specific surface area,which can be applied to different polymer networks and facilitate the development of flexible integrated electronics.In addition,sustainable tapioca rich in hydrophilic polar groups is introduced for the first time as a second cross-linked network,exhibiting excellent water adsorption capacity.Through the synergistic optimization of structure and composition,the obtained hydrogel film exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity of 13,462.1%/%RH,which is unprecedented.Moreover,the hydrogel film-based sensor exhibits excellent repeatability and the ability to work normally under stretching with even enhanced sensitivity.As a proof of concept,we integrate the stretchable sensor with a specially designed wireless circuit and mask to fabricate a wireless respiratory interruption detection system with Bluetooth transmission,enabling real-time monitoring of human health status.This work provides a general strategy to construct high-performance,stretchable,and miniaturized hydrogel-based sensors as next-generation wearable devices for real-time monitoring of various physiological signals.展开更多
Humidity sensors are of significance in various fields,such as environmental and food quality monitoring,industrial processing,wearable and flexible electronics,and human health care.High-performance humidity sensors ...Humidity sensors are of significance in various fields,such as environmental and food quality monitoring,industrial processing,wearable and flexible electronics,and human health care.High-performance humidity sensors with high sensitivity,rapid response time,and good stability are of paramount importance in humidity sensing.In this paper,diversiform humidity sensors with different sensing mechanisms are summarized,including resistive,impedance,capacitive,quartz crystal microbalance(QCM),surface acoustic wave(SAW),field-effect transistor(FET),and optical fiber humidity sensors.Versatile nanomaterials such as graphene,transition-metal chalcogenide,MXenes,black phosphorus(BP),boron nitride(BN),polymers,and nanofibers were promising building-blocks for constructing humidity sensors.The latest progress in the wearable and flexible humidity sensors,and self-powered humidity sensors was summarized.The diversiform applications of the humidity sensors with great prospects were demonstrated in various fields in terms of human respiratory monitoring,skin dryness diagnosing,fingertip approaching,and non-contact switch.Moreover,the challenges and prospects of nanomaterials-based humidity sensors were discussed.展开更多
In recent years,multi-modal flexible tactile sensors have become an important direction in the development of electronic skin because of their excellent sensitivity,flexibility and wearable properties.In this work,a h...In recent years,multi-modal flexible tactile sensors have become an important direction in the development of electronic skin because of their excellent sensitivity,flexibility and wearable properties.In this work,a humidity-pressure multi-modal flexible sensor based on polypyrrole(PPy)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) sensitive film packaged with porous polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)is investigated by combining the sensitive structure generation mechanism of in situ polymerization to achieve the simultaneous detection of humidity and pressure,which has a sensitivity of 89,113.4Ω/%RH in a large humidity range of 0%-97%RH,and response/recovery time of 2.5/1.9 s.The tactile pressure sensing has a high sensitivity,a fast response of 67/52 ms,and a wide detection limit.The device also has excellent performance in terms of stability and repeatability,making it promising for respiratory pattern and motion detection.This work provides a new solution to address the construction of multi-modal tactile sensors with potential applications in the fields of medical health,epidemic prevention.展开更多
Human metabolite moisture detection is important in health monitoring and non-invasive diagnosis.However,ultra-sensitive quantitative extraction of respiration information in real-time remains a great challenge.Herein...Human metabolite moisture detection is important in health monitoring and non-invasive diagnosis.However,ultra-sensitive quantitative extraction of respiration information in real-time remains a great challenge.Herein,chemiresistors based on imine-linked covalent organic framework(COF)films with dual-active sites are fabricated to address this issue,which demonstrates an amplified humidity-sensing signal performance.By regulation of monomers and functional groups,these COF films can be pre-engineered to achieve high response,wide detection range,fast response,and recovery time.Under the condition of relative humidity ranging from 13 to 98%,the COFTAPB-DHTA film-based humidity sensor exhibits outstanding humidity sensing perfor-mance with an expanded response value of 390 times.Furthermore,the response values of the COF film-based sensor are highly linear to the relative humidity in the range below 60%,reflecting a quantitative sensing mechanism at the molecular level.Based on the dual-site adsorption of the(-C=N-)and(C-N)stretching vibrations,the revers-ible tautomerism induced by hydrogen bonding with water molecules is demonstrated to be the main intrinsic mechanism for this effective humidity detection.In addition,the synthesized COF films can be further exploited to effectively detect human nasal and oral breathing as well as fabric permeability,which will inspire novel designs for effective humidity-detection devices.展开更多
基金National Key Basic Research and Development Program,Grant/Award Number:2016YFA0200103National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:21975141,51672153National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionals,Grant/Award Number:N/A。
文摘Skin,the largest organ in the human body,is sensitive to external stimuli.In recent years,an increasing number of skin-inspired electronics,including wearable electronics,implantable electronics,and electronic skin,have been developed because of their broad applications in healthcare and robotics.Physical sensors are one of the key building blocks of skin-inspired electronics.Typical physical sensors include mechanical sensors,temperature sensors,humidity sensors,electrophysiological sensors,and so on.In this review,we systematically review the latest advances of skin-inspired mechanical sensors,temperature sensors,and humidity sensors.The working mechanisms,key materials,device structures,and performance of various physical sensors are summarized and discussed in detail.Their applications in health monitoring,human disease diagnosis and treatment,and intelligent robots are reviewed.In addition,several novel properties of skin-inspired physical sensors such as versatility,self-healability,and implantability are introduced.Finally,the existing challenges and future perspectives of physical sensors for practical applications are discussed and proposed.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Project(Grant No.2022ZD0208601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52105593 and 51975513)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(No.LR20E050003)。
文摘In the past decade,the global industry and research attentions on intelligent skin-like electronics have boosted their applications in diverse fields including human healthcare,Internet of Things,human–machine interfaces,artificial intelligence and soft robotics.Among them,flexible humidity sensors play a vital role in noncontact measurements relying on the unique property of rapid response to humidity change.This work presents an overview of recent advances in flexible humidity sensors using various active functional materials for contactless monitoring.Four categories of humidity sensors are highlighted based on resistive,capacitive,impedance-type and voltage-type working mechanisms.Furthermore,typical strategies including chemical doping,structural design and Joule heating are introduced to enhance the performance of humidity sensors.Drawing on the noncontact perception capability,human/plant healthcare management,human-machine interactions as well as integrated humidity sensor-based feedback systems are presented.The burgeoning innovations in this research field will benefit human society,especially during the COVID-19 epidemic,where cross-infection should be averted and contactless sensation is highly desired.
文摘畜禽养殖场内温度、湿度及各种气体构成畜禽生长的外围环境,直接影响畜禽日常行为和生长速度及免疫状态。对这些畜禽养殖场内进行检测并监控畜禽健康状态及寻找二者间的联系,对优化养殖环境,发展健康养殖具有重要意义。该研究以STM32单片机为控制核心,在固定点传感器外设置移动式智能监测平台,通过无线定位系统UWB(Ultra Wide Band)和集成传感器对畜禽养殖场内环境进行监测,利用带图传功能摄像头和红外测温装置实时监控畜禽状态。传感器获取信息后将数据以UART、IIC或模拟量输出方式传递给STM32,STM32处理数据后通过物联网WIFI模块上传至阿里云IoT(The Internet of Things)物联网平台,用户登录网页页面即可对数据进行远程访问,并对畜禽状态进行实时监控。实测结果表明,智能检测平台检测数据与猪场内布置的传感器检测结果相近,二者偏差小于10%,在无遮挡情况下布置无线定位系统,定位误差接近10 cm级。系统检测数据可信,数据传输正常,可持续长时间稳定运行。机动平台还开发了搬运功能,单次运送能力为200 kg左右。移动式智能监测平台为畜禽养殖场内实现全范围环境监控提供了设备基础。
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52105593 and 62271439)STI 2030 —Major Projects(2022ZD0208601)the “Pioneer” and “Leading Goose” R&D Program of Zhejiang (2023C01051)。
文摘Flexible and wearable humidity sensors play a vital role in daily point-of-care diagnosis and noncontact human-machine interactions.However,achieving a facile and high-speed fabrication approach to realizing flexible humidity sensors remains a challenge.In this work,a wearable capacitive-type Ga_(2)O_(3)/liquid metal-based humidity sensor is demonstrated by a one-step laser direct writing technique.Owing to the photothermal effect of laser,the Ga_(2)O_(3)-wrapped liquid metal particles can be selectively sintered and converted from insulative to conductive traces with a resistivity of 0.19Ω·cm,while the untreated regions serve as active sensing layers in response to moisture changes.Under 95%relative humidity,the humidity sensor displays a highly stable performance along with rapid response and recover time.Utilizing these superior properties,the Ga_(2)O_(3)/liquid metal-based humidity sensor is able to monitor human respiration rate,as well as skin moisture of the palm under different physiological states for healthcare monitoring.
基金J.W.acknowledges financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61801525)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020A1515010693)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University(22lgqb17).
文摘Respiratory monitoring plays a pivotal role in health assessment and provides an important application prospect for flexible humidity sensors.However,traditional humidity sensors suffer from a trade-off between deformability,sensitivity,and transparency,and thus the development of high-performance,stretchable,and low-cost humidity sensors is urgently needed as wearable electronics.Here,ultrasensitive,highly deformable,and transparent humidity sensors are fabricated based on cost-effective polyacrylamide-based double network hydrogels.Concomitantly,a general method for preparing hydrogel films with controllable thickness is proposed to boost the sensitivity of hydrogel-based sensors due to the extensively increased specific surface area,which can be applied to different polymer networks and facilitate the development of flexible integrated electronics.In addition,sustainable tapioca rich in hydrophilic polar groups is introduced for the first time as a second cross-linked network,exhibiting excellent water adsorption capacity.Through the synergistic optimization of structure and composition,the obtained hydrogel film exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity of 13,462.1%/%RH,which is unprecedented.Moreover,the hydrogel film-based sensor exhibits excellent repeatability and the ability to work normally under stretching with even enhanced sensitivity.As a proof of concept,we integrate the stretchable sensor with a specially designed wireless circuit and mask to fabricate a wireless respiratory interruption detection system with Bluetooth transmission,enabling real-time monitoring of human health status.This work provides a general strategy to construct high-performance,stretchable,and miniaturized hydrogel-based sensors as next-generation wearable devices for real-time monitoring of various physiological signals.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51777215)the Original Innovation Special Project of Science and Technology Plan of Qingdao West Coast New Area(No.2020-85).
文摘Humidity sensors are of significance in various fields,such as environmental and food quality monitoring,industrial processing,wearable and flexible electronics,and human health care.High-performance humidity sensors with high sensitivity,rapid response time,and good stability are of paramount importance in humidity sensing.In this paper,diversiform humidity sensors with different sensing mechanisms are summarized,including resistive,impedance,capacitive,quartz crystal microbalance(QCM),surface acoustic wave(SAW),field-effect transistor(FET),and optical fiber humidity sensors.Versatile nanomaterials such as graphene,transition-metal chalcogenide,MXenes,black phosphorus(BP),boron nitride(BN),polymers,and nanofibers were promising building-blocks for constructing humidity sensors.The latest progress in the wearable and flexible humidity sensors,and self-powered humidity sensors was summarized.The diversiform applications of the humidity sensors with great prospects were demonstrated in various fields in terms of human respiratory monitoring,skin dryness diagnosing,fingertip approaching,and non-contact switch.Moreover,the challenges and prospects of nanomaterials-based humidity sensors were discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51777215)the Special Foundation of the Taishan Scholar Project(No.tsqn202211077)+1 种基金the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2023ME118)the Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao City(No.23-2-1-219-zyyd-jch).
文摘In recent years,multi-modal flexible tactile sensors have become an important direction in the development of electronic skin because of their excellent sensitivity,flexibility and wearable properties.In this work,a humidity-pressure multi-modal flexible sensor based on polypyrrole(PPy)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) sensitive film packaged with porous polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)is investigated by combining the sensitive structure generation mechanism of in situ polymerization to achieve the simultaneous detection of humidity and pressure,which has a sensitivity of 89,113.4Ω/%RH in a large humidity range of 0%-97%RH,and response/recovery time of 2.5/1.9 s.The tactile pressure sensing has a high sensitivity,a fast response of 67/52 ms,and a wide detection limit.The device also has excellent performance in terms of stability and repeatability,making it promising for respiratory pattern and motion detection.This work provides a new solution to address the construction of multi-modal tactile sensors with potential applications in the fields of medical health,epidemic prevention.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3205500,and 2022YFC3104700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62101329 and 61971284)+4 种基金the Shanghai Sailing Program(21YF1421400)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(23ZR1430100)the Oceanic Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(SL2020ZD203,SL2021MS006 and SL2020MS031)Scientific Research Fund of Second Institute of Oceanography,Ministry of Natural Resources of P.R.China(SL2003)Startup Fund for Youngman Research at Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
文摘Human metabolite moisture detection is important in health monitoring and non-invasive diagnosis.However,ultra-sensitive quantitative extraction of respiration information in real-time remains a great challenge.Herein,chemiresistors based on imine-linked covalent organic framework(COF)films with dual-active sites are fabricated to address this issue,which demonstrates an amplified humidity-sensing signal performance.By regulation of monomers and functional groups,these COF films can be pre-engineered to achieve high response,wide detection range,fast response,and recovery time.Under the condition of relative humidity ranging from 13 to 98%,the COFTAPB-DHTA film-based humidity sensor exhibits outstanding humidity sensing perfor-mance with an expanded response value of 390 times.Furthermore,the response values of the COF film-based sensor are highly linear to the relative humidity in the range below 60%,reflecting a quantitative sensing mechanism at the molecular level.Based on the dual-site adsorption of the(-C=N-)and(C-N)stretching vibrations,the revers-ible tautomerism induced by hydrogen bonding with water molecules is demonstrated to be the main intrinsic mechanism for this effective humidity detection.In addition,the synthesized COF films can be further exploited to effectively detect human nasal and oral breathing as well as fabric permeability,which will inspire novel designs for effective humidity-detection devices.
