Two rice genotypes Huanghuazhan(HHZ, heat-resistant) and IR36(heat-susceptible) were subjected to high-temperature(HT, 40℃) and normal-temperature(NT, 32℃) treatments at the spikelet differentiation stage. HT treatm...Two rice genotypes Huanghuazhan(HHZ, heat-resistant) and IR36(heat-susceptible) were subjected to high-temperature(HT, 40℃) and normal-temperature(NT, 32℃) treatments at the spikelet differentiation stage. HT treatment inhibited spikelet differentiation, aggravated spikelet degeneration, reduced spikelet size, and disordered carbohydrate allocation. Meanwhile, HT treatment increased nonstructural carbohydrate content in leaves, but decreased that in stems and young panicles, and the same tendencies of sucrose and starch contents were observed in leaves and stem. However, HT treatment significantly increased the sucrose content and sharply decreased the glucose and fructose contents in young panicles. Lower activity levels of soluble acid invertase(EC3.2.1.26) and sucrose synthase(EC2.4.1.13) were observed under HT treatment. Moreover, HT treatment reduced the activities of key enzymes associated with glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which indicated sucrose consumption was inhibited in young panicles under HT treatment. Exogenous glucose and fructose applied under HT treatment increased the spikelet number more than exogenous sucrose. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the reduction of spikelet number under high temperature was more affected by the decrease in sugar consumption than the blocking of sucrose transport. The impairment of sucrose hydrolysis was the main reason for the inhibition of sugar utilization.展开更多
Graphene emerges as an ideal material for constructing high-performance strain sensors,due to its superior mechanical property and high conductivity.However,in the process of assembling graphene into macroscopic mater...Graphene emerges as an ideal material for constructing high-performance strain sensors,due to its superior mechanical property and high conductivity.However,in the process of assembling graphene into macroscopic materials,its conductivity decreases significantly.Also,tedious fabrication process hinders the application of graphene-based strain sensors.In this work,we report a freestanding graphene assembled film(GAF)with high conductivity((2.32±0.08)×105 S m-1).For the sensitive materials of strain sensors,it is higher than most of reported carbon nanotube and graphene materials.These advantages enable the GAF to be an ultra-low power consumption strain sensor for detecting airflow and vocal vibrations.The resistance of the GAF remains unchanged with increasing temperature(20-100℃),exhibiting a good thermal stability.Also,the GAF can be used as a strain sensor directly without any flexible substrates,which greatly simplifies the fabrication process in comparison with most reported strain sensors.Additionally,the GAF used as a pressure sensor with only^4.7μW power is investigated.This work provides a new direction for the preparation of advanced sensors with ultra-low power consumption,and the development of flexible and energy-saving electronic devices.展开更多
Given that it was a once-in-a-century emergency event,the confinement measures related to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused diverse disruptions and changes in life and work patterns.These changes s...Given that it was a once-in-a-century emergency event,the confinement measures related to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused diverse disruptions and changes in life and work patterns.These changes significantly affected water consumption both during and after the pandemic,with direct and indirect consequences on biodiversity.However,there has been a lack of holistic evaluation of these responses.Here,we propose a novel framework to study the impacts of this unique global emergency event by embedding an environmentally extended supply-constrained global multi-regional input-output model(MRIO)into the drivers-pressure-state-impact-response(DPSIR)framework.This framework allowed us to develop scenarios related to COVID-19 confinement measures to quantify country-sector-specific changes in freshwater consumption and the associated changes in biodiversity for the period of 2020-2025.The results suggest progressively diminishing impacts due to the implementation of COVID-19 vaccines and the socio-economic system’s self-adjustment to the new normal.In 2020,the confinement measures were estimated to decrease global water consumption by about 5.7% on average across all scenarios when compared with the baseline level with no confinement measures.Further,such a decrease is estimated to lead to a reduction of around 5% in the related pressure on biodiversity.Given the interdependencies and interactions across global supply chains,even those countries and sectors that were not directly affected by the COVID-19 shocks experienced significant impacts:Our results indicate that the supply chain propagations contributed to 79% of the total estimated decrease in water consumption and 84%of the reduction in biodiversity loss on average.Our study demonstrates that the MRIO-enhanced DSPIR framework can help quantify resource pressures and the resultant environmental impacts across supply chains when facing a global emergency event.Further,we recommend the development of more locally based water conservation measur展开更多
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFD0300409)the Special Fund for China Agricultural Research System (Grant No. CARS-01-07B)+2 种基金Agricultural Sciences and Technologies Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 31701374)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. LY16C130006)Basic Research Foundation of National Commonweal Research Institute (Grant No. 2017RG004-4) in China
文摘Two rice genotypes Huanghuazhan(HHZ, heat-resistant) and IR36(heat-susceptible) were subjected to high-temperature(HT, 40℃) and normal-temperature(NT, 32℃) treatments at the spikelet differentiation stage. HT treatment inhibited spikelet differentiation, aggravated spikelet degeneration, reduced spikelet size, and disordered carbohydrate allocation. Meanwhile, HT treatment increased nonstructural carbohydrate content in leaves, but decreased that in stems and young panicles, and the same tendencies of sucrose and starch contents were observed in leaves and stem. However, HT treatment significantly increased the sucrose content and sharply decreased the glucose and fructose contents in young panicles. Lower activity levels of soluble acid invertase(EC3.2.1.26) and sucrose synthase(EC2.4.1.13) were observed under HT treatment. Moreover, HT treatment reduced the activities of key enzymes associated with glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which indicated sucrose consumption was inhibited in young panicles under HT treatment. Exogenous glucose and fructose applied under HT treatment increased the spikelet number more than exogenous sucrose. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the reduction of spikelet number under high temperature was more affected by the decrease in sugar consumption than the blocking of sucrose transport. The impairment of sucrose hydrolysis was the main reason for the inhibition of sugar utilization.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51701146,51672204)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WUT:2017IB015)Foundation of National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effects(614220504030617)。
文摘Graphene emerges as an ideal material for constructing high-performance strain sensors,due to its superior mechanical property and high conductivity.However,in the process of assembling graphene into macroscopic materials,its conductivity decreases significantly.Also,tedious fabrication process hinders the application of graphene-based strain sensors.In this work,we report a freestanding graphene assembled film(GAF)with high conductivity((2.32±0.08)×105 S m-1).For the sensitive materials of strain sensors,it is higher than most of reported carbon nanotube and graphene materials.These advantages enable the GAF to be an ultra-low power consumption strain sensor for detecting airflow and vocal vibrations.The resistance of the GAF remains unchanged with increasing temperature(20-100℃),exhibiting a good thermal stability.Also,the GAF can be used as a strain sensor directly without any flexible substrates,which greatly simplifies the fabrication process in comparison with most reported strain sensors.Additionally,the GAF used as a pressure sensor with only^4.7μW power is investigated.This work provides a new direction for the preparation of advanced sensors with ultra-low power consumption,and the development of flexible and energy-saving electronic devices.
基金supported by Aalto University and the Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hydrosphere and Watershed Water SecurityAdditional support was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42361144001,72304112,72074136,and 72104129)the Key Program of International Cooperation,Bureau of International Cooperation,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(131551KYSB20210030).
文摘Given that it was a once-in-a-century emergency event,the confinement measures related to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused diverse disruptions and changes in life and work patterns.These changes significantly affected water consumption both during and after the pandemic,with direct and indirect consequences on biodiversity.However,there has been a lack of holistic evaluation of these responses.Here,we propose a novel framework to study the impacts of this unique global emergency event by embedding an environmentally extended supply-constrained global multi-regional input-output model(MRIO)into the drivers-pressure-state-impact-response(DPSIR)framework.This framework allowed us to develop scenarios related to COVID-19 confinement measures to quantify country-sector-specific changes in freshwater consumption and the associated changes in biodiversity for the period of 2020-2025.The results suggest progressively diminishing impacts due to the implementation of COVID-19 vaccines and the socio-economic system’s self-adjustment to the new normal.In 2020,the confinement measures were estimated to decrease global water consumption by about 5.7% on average across all scenarios when compared with the baseline level with no confinement measures.Further,such a decrease is estimated to lead to a reduction of around 5% in the related pressure on biodiversity.Given the interdependencies and interactions across global supply chains,even those countries and sectors that were not directly affected by the COVID-19 shocks experienced significant impacts:Our results indicate that the supply chain propagations contributed to 79% of the total estimated decrease in water consumption and 84%of the reduction in biodiversity loss on average.Our study demonstrates that the MRIO-enhanced DSPIR framework can help quantify resource pressures and the resultant environmental impacts across supply chains when facing a global emergency event.Further,we recommend the development of more locally based water conservation measur
