Context: Several studies were conducted on physiology of apnea in scuba diving. No survey has been reported in fighting sports. Objective: To evaluate cardiovascular variations misled by voluntary apnea during groundw...Context: Several studies were conducted on physiology of apnea in scuba diving. No survey has been reported in fighting sports. Objective: To evaluate cardiovascular variations misled by voluntary apnea during groundwork techniques of judo training. Methods: The temporal evolution of heart rate and modifications of the blood pressure have been investigated during cross sectional and experimental study. A total of 28 Congolese judoists took part in the study. The voluntary apnea was achieved by a judoist to try to carry out two kinds of groundwork (hon-gesagatame and kamishiho-gatame). According to the case, Student t test and analysis of variance were used for comparing data. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the effect of “type of groundwork technique × category of weight”. Results: Between 0 and 3 seconds, tachycardia has been observed during the static groundwork techniques and then bradycardia occurred to 3 - 9 seconds for the dynamic groundwork techniques : +6.8% of the rest frequency versus -9.4% for hon-gesa;+4.9% versus -13.7% for kami-shiho. Thereafter, it followed a fluctuation of heart rate of 9 - 15 seconds. Beyond, a stagnation was noted for hongesa, whereas a minimal increase (<5%) for kami-shiho. In relation to the systolic arterial pressure, a meaningful rise was recovered: +46.5% (hon-gesa) versus +50.1% (kami-shiho) in static exercise;+43.4% (hon-gesa) versus +43.3% (kami-shiho) in dynamic exercise. The report was similar for the diastolic arterial pressure: +31.5% (hon-gesa) versus 30.0% (kami-shiho) in static exercise;+20.3% (hon-gesa) versus +23.8% (kami-shiho) in dynamic exercise. Conclusion: The apnea consecutive to the hindrance of an exit groundwork technique to judo drags bradycardia increased while exercise realized static posture, and a rise of the arterial pressure.展开更多
康德在《道德形而上学奠基》第三章中试图从自由概念演绎出道德法则,然而他却同时指出,从自由到道德法则的推论中存在着一个“隐蔽的”循环,并花了不少篇幅来消除这个循环。本文指出,以卡尔,阿默里克斯(Karl Ameriks)和邓晓芒为代表的...康德在《道德形而上学奠基》第三章中试图从自由概念演绎出道德法则,然而他却同时指出,从自由到道德法则的推论中存在着一个“隐蔽的”循环,并花了不少篇幅来消除这个循环。本文指出,以卡尔,阿默里克斯(Karl Ameriks)和邓晓芒为代表的许多学者对这个循环的理解存在问题。实际上,康德这里并没有严格的循环,而仅仅由于在用自由说明道德法则的过程中,自由仅仅只是一个预设,而没有获得现实性,因此整个推论建立在并不可靠的基础上,由此出现所谓的“乞题错误”(begging the question),这与严格的循环论证是有区别的。按照这种对循环的理解,我们将更好地理解康德所做的“两个世界-三种观点”的区分是如何消除这个循环的。展开更多
文摘Context: Several studies were conducted on physiology of apnea in scuba diving. No survey has been reported in fighting sports. Objective: To evaluate cardiovascular variations misled by voluntary apnea during groundwork techniques of judo training. Methods: The temporal evolution of heart rate and modifications of the blood pressure have been investigated during cross sectional and experimental study. A total of 28 Congolese judoists took part in the study. The voluntary apnea was achieved by a judoist to try to carry out two kinds of groundwork (hon-gesagatame and kamishiho-gatame). According to the case, Student t test and analysis of variance were used for comparing data. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the effect of “type of groundwork technique × category of weight”. Results: Between 0 and 3 seconds, tachycardia has been observed during the static groundwork techniques and then bradycardia occurred to 3 - 9 seconds for the dynamic groundwork techniques : +6.8% of the rest frequency versus -9.4% for hon-gesa;+4.9% versus -13.7% for kami-shiho. Thereafter, it followed a fluctuation of heart rate of 9 - 15 seconds. Beyond, a stagnation was noted for hongesa, whereas a minimal increase (<5%) for kami-shiho. In relation to the systolic arterial pressure, a meaningful rise was recovered: +46.5% (hon-gesa) versus +50.1% (kami-shiho) in static exercise;+43.4% (hon-gesa) versus +43.3% (kami-shiho) in dynamic exercise. The report was similar for the diastolic arterial pressure: +31.5% (hon-gesa) versus 30.0% (kami-shiho) in static exercise;+20.3% (hon-gesa) versus +23.8% (kami-shiho) in dynamic exercise. Conclusion: The apnea consecutive to the hindrance of an exit groundwork technique to judo drags bradycardia increased while exercise realized static posture, and a rise of the arterial pressure.
文摘康德在《道德形而上学奠基》第三章中试图从自由概念演绎出道德法则,然而他却同时指出,从自由到道德法则的推论中存在着一个“隐蔽的”循环,并花了不少篇幅来消除这个循环。本文指出,以卡尔,阿默里克斯(Karl Ameriks)和邓晓芒为代表的许多学者对这个循环的理解存在问题。实际上,康德这里并没有严格的循环,而仅仅由于在用自由说明道德法则的过程中,自由仅仅只是一个预设,而没有获得现实性,因此整个推论建立在并不可靠的基础上,由此出现所谓的“乞题错误”(begging the question),这与严格的循环论证是有区别的。按照这种对循环的理解,我们将更好地理解康德所做的“两个世界-三种观点”的区分是如何消除这个循环的。
