At present, there are no criteria to distinguish soft-sediment deformation structures （SSDS） formed by earthquakes from SSDS formed by the other 20 triggering mechanisms （see a companion paper in Vol 5, No. 4 of th...At present, there are no criteria to distinguish soft-sediment deformation structures （SSDS） formed by earthquakes from SSDS formed by the other 20 triggering mechanisms （see a companion paper in Vol 5, No. 4 of this journal by Shanmugam, 2016）. Even if one betieves that earthquakes are the true triggering mechanism of SSDS in a given case, the story is stiff incomptete. This is because earthquakes （seismic shocks） are induced by a variety of causes： 1） glbaltectonics and associated faults （i.e., midocean ridges, trenches, and transform fautts）; 2） meteorite-impact events; 3） volcanic eruptions; 4） post-gtacialuplift; 5） tsunami impact; 6 cyclonic impact; 7） landslides （mass-transport deposits）; 8） tidal activity; 9） sea-tevet rise; 10） erosion; and 11） fluid pumping. These different causes are important for devetoping SSDS. Breccias are an important group of SSDS. Although there are many types of breccias classified on the basis of their origin, five types are discussed here （fault, volcanic, meteorite impact, sedimentary-depositionaL, sedimentary-collapse）. Atthough different breccia types may resemble each other, distinguishing one type （e.g., meteorite breccias） from the other types （e.g., fault, volcanic, and sedimentary breccias） has important imptications. 1） Meteorite breccias are characterized by shock features （e.g., planar deformation features in mineral grains, planar fractures, high-pressure polymorphs, shock melts, etc.）, whereas sedimentary- depositional breccias （e.g., debrites） do not. 2） Meteorite breccias imply a confined sediment distribution in the vicinity of craters, whereas sedimentary-depositional breccias imply an unconfined sediment distribution, variable sediment transport, and variable sediment provenance. 3） Meteorite, volcanic, and fault breccias are invariabty subjected to diagenesis and hydrothermat mineratization with attered reservoir quality, whereas sedimentary-depositional breccias exhibit primary （unaltere展开更多
By studying the characteristics of current crustal motion by using the ITRF97 station velocity vectors, it has been found that the ITRF97 station velocity vectors are coherent with those of NUVEL-1A model. Both the IT...By studying the characteristics of current crustal motion by using the ITRF97 station velocity vectors, it has been found that the ITRF97 station velocity vectors are coherent with those of NUVEL-1A model. Both the ITRF97 and NUVEL-1A velocity vectors show that the northern hemisphere is moving towards northeast and northwest along the North Atlantic Ridge. The Eurasian plate is moving to northeast, east, and southeast. The North American continent is moving to northwest, west, and southwest. The movement in the southern hemisphere is different completely. The movements of African, South American and Indian-Australian plates almost all direct to NE-NNE. The three plates take the South Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ridge as boundaries, and the movement vectors increase gradually, showing a “lag” type stretch movement as the result of the superimposition of the whole movement of the southern hemisphere and the spreading of ocean ridges. The difference of velocity fields between the northern and southern hemispheres is obvious, and there is a disharmony zone between the two hemispheres. The geological data show that there is an oblique and discontinuous shear zone between the two hemispheres. Along this shear zone, eight large earthquakes ( Ms5?7.8) took place from August 1999 to January 2001, while in the same time period, the seismic activities along the western and southern Pacific subduction zone is low, showing the significance of the shear zone on the global scale. The results in this paper indicate the relative shear motion between the northern and southern hemispheres.展开更多
葛利普(Amadeus William Grabau),美国地质学家,著名的地层学、古生物学家,其最后的26年在中国度过,是近代以来我国从事地质研究和教育的著名地质学家。他是中国近现代地质学的主要奠基者之一,也是中国最早的科学协会——中国地质学会...葛利普(Amadeus William Grabau),美国地质学家,著名的地层学、古生物学家,其最后的26年在中国度过,是近代以来我国从事地质研究和教育的著名地质学家。他是中国近现代地质学的主要奠基者之一,也是中国最早的科学协会——中国地质学会的早期创始人之一,为中国近现代地质事业作出了卓越贡献。在华期间,葛利普先生先后出版大量论文、专著,内容不仅涉及中国的区域地质,也建立起全球构造理论。基于归纳总结北美、欧洲以及亚洲的资料,20世纪30年代早期他提出"脉动理论",确立了全球海平面升降的规律,并建立起基于海进、海退规律为基础的古生代构造-地层划分方案,成为现今层序地层学的基础;基于大陆漂移假说,分析演绎并建立"极控理论",强调地壳的大规模水平运动,强调地槽的形成与水平构造运动有关,形成了原始的俯冲与海底扩张思想的萌芽。脉动理论和极控理论分别论述了地球表层的垂直运动和水平运动,两个理论互为补充,通过构造事件相联系,形成统一的葛利普的整体地球观。葛利普先生也是大陆漂移的热情支持者和推广者,为板块构造理论的出现发挥了重要作用,他灵活的归纳和演绎贯穿其科学生涯的始终。他身残志坚,身处绝境而仍笔耕不辍;他生命不息、奋斗不止的精神永远值得我们学习、敬仰和传承。展开更多
Veined gold deposit is product of crustal evolution in special space and special time.It has close relations between the product of veined gold deposit and the formation mechanism (process of mineralization geodynamic...Veined gold deposit is product of crustal evolution in special space and special time.It has close relations between the product of veined gold deposit and the formation mechanism (process of mineralization geodynamics),It has special geological significance in the aspect of source of metallogenic material and metallogenic fluid,migration and precipitation, especially in vein gold deposit of structure boundary.This pater discusses four aspects,i.e. The geodynamic background,source of metallogenic fluid,fluid migration mechanism and structural position of deposits.The concluding remarks are given as follows. 1\ The Pre Cambrian metamorphic complexes emerged extensively in the Wutaishan Hengshan area, more than 60% of those are granitic rock, as the oldest continential crust of crystalline basement they all have the characteristics of deformation and gneiss, and many of them were formed in 2500～2700 Ma, in them some high rank deformed super crust inclusions, or relicts of different rock facies showing 2800～2900 Ma or earlier ages. Through the comphrehensive analysis of large rock chemical data on the relevant diagram about their characteristics, it reflects that not only the granitic rock has two different characteristics of rock series and regionalization but also shows several distinct source tendencies. Itsuggests that the large emergence of granitic rock in Archean era in the area is related to certain collision mechanism, thus resulted in the connection of the landmass, north to Hengshan and the landmass of Bupin,and so completed the cratonization of North China platform. The formation of granitic rock in early Proterozoic era is relevant to rifting which belongs to the genetic series of later orogenic to postorogenic period. 2\ The zonal super crust rock series that stretches in NEE direction on the Archaeozoic crystalline basement in Wutaishan and its vicinity area is called Wutai Group and Hutuo Group. The Wutai Group is mainly consisted of mafic volcanic rock, and uncomformably was under laid the Hutuo展开更多
文摘At present, there are no criteria to distinguish soft-sediment deformation structures （SSDS） formed by earthquakes from SSDS formed by the other 20 triggering mechanisms （see a companion paper in Vol 5, No. 4 of this journal by Shanmugam, 2016）. Even if one betieves that earthquakes are the true triggering mechanism of SSDS in a given case, the story is stiff incomptete. This is because earthquakes （seismic shocks） are induced by a variety of causes： 1） glbaltectonics and associated faults （i.e., midocean ridges, trenches, and transform fautts）; 2） meteorite-impact events; 3） volcanic eruptions; 4） post-gtacialuplift; 5） tsunami impact; 6 cyclonic impact; 7） landslides （mass-transport deposits）; 8） tidal activity; 9） sea-tevet rise; 10） erosion; and 11） fluid pumping. These different causes are important for devetoping SSDS. Breccias are an important group of SSDS. Although there are many types of breccias classified on the basis of their origin, five types are discussed here （fault, volcanic, meteorite impact, sedimentary-depositionaL, sedimentary-collapse）. Atthough different breccia types may resemble each other, distinguishing one type （e.g., meteorite breccias） from the other types （e.g., fault, volcanic, and sedimentary breccias） has important imptications. 1） Meteorite breccias are characterized by shock features （e.g., planar deformation features in mineral grains, planar fractures, high-pressure polymorphs, shock melts, etc.）, whereas sedimentary- depositional breccias （e.g., debrites） do not. 2） Meteorite breccias imply a confined sediment distribution in the vicinity of craters, whereas sedimentary-depositional breccias imply an unconfined sediment distribution, variable sediment transport, and variable sediment provenance. 3） Meteorite, volcanic, and fault breccias are invariabty subjected to diagenesis and hydrothermat mineratization with attered reservoir quality, whereas sedimentary-depositional breccias exhibit primary （unaltere
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.498 34020)
文摘By studying the characteristics of current crustal motion by using the ITRF97 station velocity vectors, it has been found that the ITRF97 station velocity vectors are coherent with those of NUVEL-1A model. Both the ITRF97 and NUVEL-1A velocity vectors show that the northern hemisphere is moving towards northeast and northwest along the North Atlantic Ridge. The Eurasian plate is moving to northeast, east, and southeast. The North American continent is moving to northwest, west, and southwest. The movement in the southern hemisphere is different completely. The movements of African, South American and Indian-Australian plates almost all direct to NE-NNE. The three plates take the South Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ridge as boundaries, and the movement vectors increase gradually, showing a “lag” type stretch movement as the result of the superimposition of the whole movement of the southern hemisphere and the spreading of ocean ridges. The difference of velocity fields between the northern and southern hemispheres is obvious, and there is a disharmony zone between the two hemispheres. The geological data show that there is an oblique and discontinuous shear zone between the two hemispheres. Along this shear zone, eight large earthquakes ( Ms5?7.8) took place from August 1999 to January 2001, while in the same time period, the seismic activities along the western and southern Pacific subduction zone is low, showing the significance of the shear zone on the global scale. The results in this paper indicate the relative shear motion between the northern and southern hemispheres.
文摘葛利普(Amadeus William Grabau),美国地质学家,著名的地层学、古生物学家,其最后的26年在中国度过,是近代以来我国从事地质研究和教育的著名地质学家。他是中国近现代地质学的主要奠基者之一,也是中国最早的科学协会——中国地质学会的早期创始人之一,为中国近现代地质事业作出了卓越贡献。在华期间,葛利普先生先后出版大量论文、专著,内容不仅涉及中国的区域地质,也建立起全球构造理论。基于归纳总结北美、欧洲以及亚洲的资料,20世纪30年代早期他提出"脉动理论",确立了全球海平面升降的规律,并建立起基于海进、海退规律为基础的古生代构造-地层划分方案,成为现今层序地层学的基础;基于大陆漂移假说,分析演绎并建立"极控理论",强调地壳的大规模水平运动,强调地槽的形成与水平构造运动有关,形成了原始的俯冲与海底扩张思想的萌芽。脉动理论和极控理论分别论述了地球表层的垂直运动和水平运动,两个理论互为补充,通过构造事件相联系,形成统一的葛利普的整体地球观。葛利普先生也是大陆漂移的热情支持者和推广者,为板块构造理论的出现发挥了重要作用,他灵活的归纳和演绎贯穿其科学生涯的始终。他身残志坚,身处绝境而仍笔耕不辍;他生命不息、奋斗不止的精神永远值得我们学习、敬仰和传承。
文摘Veined gold deposit is product of crustal evolution in special space and special time.It has close relations between the product of veined gold deposit and the formation mechanism (process of mineralization geodynamics),It has special geological significance in the aspect of source of metallogenic material and metallogenic fluid,migration and precipitation, especially in vein gold deposit of structure boundary.This pater discusses four aspects,i.e. The geodynamic background,source of metallogenic fluid,fluid migration mechanism and structural position of deposits.The concluding remarks are given as follows. 1\ The Pre Cambrian metamorphic complexes emerged extensively in the Wutaishan Hengshan area, more than 60% of those are granitic rock, as the oldest continential crust of crystalline basement they all have the characteristics of deformation and gneiss, and many of them were formed in 2500～2700 Ma, in them some high rank deformed super crust inclusions, or relicts of different rock facies showing 2800～2900 Ma or earlier ages. Through the comphrehensive analysis of large rock chemical data on the relevant diagram about their characteristics, it reflects that not only the granitic rock has two different characteristics of rock series and regionalization but also shows several distinct source tendencies. Itsuggests that the large emergence of granitic rock in Archean era in the area is related to certain collision mechanism, thus resulted in the connection of the landmass, north to Hengshan and the landmass of Bupin,and so completed the cratonization of North China platform. The formation of granitic rock in early Proterozoic era is relevant to rifting which belongs to the genetic series of later orogenic to postorogenic period. 2\ The zonal super crust rock series that stretches in NEE direction on the Archaeozoic crystalline basement in Wutaishan and its vicinity area is called Wutai Group and Hutuo Group. The Wutai Group is mainly consisted of mafic volcanic rock, and uncomformably was under laid the Hutuo
