In the last century, there has been a significant development in the evaluation of methods to predict ground movement due to underground extraction. Some remarkable developments in three-dimensional computational meth...In the last century, there has been a significant development in the evaluation of methods to predict ground movement due to underground extraction. Some remarkable developments in three-dimensional computational methods have been supported in civil engineering, subsidence engineering and mining engineering practice. However, ground movement problem due to mining extraction sequence is effectively four dimensional （4D）. A rational prediction is getting more and more important for long-term underground mining planning. Hence, computer-based analytical methods that realistically simulate spatially distributed time-dependent ground movement process are needed for the reliable long-term underground mining planning to minimize the surface environmental damages. In this research, a new computational system is developed to simulate four-dimensional （4D） ground movement by combining a stochastic medium theory, Knothe time-delay model and geographic information system （GIS） technology. All the calculations are implemented by a computational program, in which the components of GIS are used to fulfill the spatial-temporal analysis model. In this paper a tight coupling strategy based on component object model of GIS technology is used to overcome the problems of complex three-dimensional extraction model and spatial data integration. Moreover, the implementation of computational of the interfaces of the developed tool is described. The GIS based developed tool is validated by two study cases. The developed computational tool and models are achieved within the GIS system so the effective and efficient calculation methodology can be obtained, so the simulation problems of 4D ground movement due to underground mining extraction sequence can be solved by implementation of the developed tool in GIS.展开更多
Changing climate has a great impact on northern area of Pakistan＇s environment and is more prone to environmental changes impacts than rest of the country due to its high elevation. However, melting glaciers effect n...Changing climate has a great impact on northern area of Pakistan＇s environment and is more prone to environmental changes impacts than rest of the country due to its high elevation. However, melting glaciers effect not only the local environment but also the whole country with frequent and heavy floods. Remote sensing （RS） from Satellites and Airplanes used in Geographical Information Systems （GIS） are technologies that can aid in understanding the on-going environmental processes. Furthermore, help researchers to observe, understand, forecast and suggest response to changes that occur. It can be natural disasters or man-made disasters and human induced factors. Still analysis accuracy issues play a vital role for the formulation of any strategy. To achieve better results, object based analysis methods have been tested. Various algorithms are developed by the analysts to calculate the magnitude of land cover changes. However, they must be evaluated for each environment that is under observation as mountainous areas. Here were object-based methods evaluated in comparison with pixel based. Landslides, soil moisture, soil permeability, snow cover and vegetation cover can be effectively monitored by those methods.展开更多
文摘In the last century, there has been a significant development in the evaluation of methods to predict ground movement due to underground extraction. Some remarkable developments in three-dimensional computational methods have been supported in civil engineering, subsidence engineering and mining engineering practice. However, ground movement problem due to mining extraction sequence is effectively four dimensional （4D）. A rational prediction is getting more and more important for long-term underground mining planning. Hence, computer-based analytical methods that realistically simulate spatially distributed time-dependent ground movement process are needed for the reliable long-term underground mining planning to minimize the surface environmental damages. In this research, a new computational system is developed to simulate four-dimensional （4D） ground movement by combining a stochastic medium theory, Knothe time-delay model and geographic information system （GIS） technology. All the calculations are implemented by a computational program, in which the components of GIS are used to fulfill the spatial-temporal analysis model. In this paper a tight coupling strategy based on component object model of GIS technology is used to overcome the problems of complex three-dimensional extraction model and spatial data integration. Moreover, the implementation of computational of the interfaces of the developed tool is described. The GIS based developed tool is validated by two study cases. The developed computational tool and models are achieved within the GIS system so the effective and efficient calculation methodology can be obtained, so the simulation problems of 4D ground movement due to underground mining extraction sequence can be solved by implementation of the developed tool in GIS.
文摘Changing climate has a great impact on northern area of Pakistan＇s environment and is more prone to environmental changes impacts than rest of the country due to its high elevation. However, melting glaciers effect not only the local environment but also the whole country with frequent and heavy floods. Remote sensing （RS） from Satellites and Airplanes used in Geographical Information Systems （GIS） are technologies that can aid in understanding the on-going environmental processes. Furthermore, help researchers to observe, understand, forecast and suggest response to changes that occur. It can be natural disasters or man-made disasters and human induced factors. Still analysis accuracy issues play a vital role for the formulation of any strategy. To achieve better results, object based analysis methods have been tested. Various algorithms are developed by the analysts to calculate the magnitude of land cover changes. However, they must be evaluated for each environment that is under observation as mountainous areas. Here were object-based methods evaluated in comparison with pixel based. Landslides, soil moisture, soil permeability, snow cover and vegetation cover can be effectively monitored by those methods.
