BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)can produce a wide range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic to life-threatening.Various researchers have worked to elucidate the pathogen...BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)can produce a wide range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic to life-threatening.Various researchers have worked to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these variable presentations.Differences in individual responses to systemic inflammation and coagulopathy appear to be modulated by several factors,including sex steroid hormones.Transgender men or non-binary individuals who undergo gender-affirming hormone therapy(GAHT)are a unique population of interest for exploring the androgen-mediated coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)hypothesis.As the search for reliable and effective COVID-19 treatments continues,understanding the risks and benefits of GAHT may mitigate COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality in this patient population.AIM To investigate the potential role of GAHT in the development of COVID-19 infections and complications.METHODS This systematic review implemented an algorithmic approach using PRISMA guidelines.PubMed,Scopus,Google Scholar top 100 results,and archives of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery was on January 12,2022 using the key words“gender”AND“hormone”AND“therapy”AND“COVID-19”as well as associated terms.Non-English articles,articles published prior to 2019(prior to COVID-19),and manuscripts in the form of reviews,commentaries,or letters were excluded.References of the selected publications were screened as well.RESULTS The database search resulted in the final inclusion of 14 studies related to GAHT COVID-19.Of the included studies,only two studies directly involved and reported on COVID-19 in transgender patients.Several clinical trials looked at the relationship between testosterone,estrogen,and progesterone in COVID-19 infected cis-gender men and women.It has been proposed that androgens may facilitate initial COVID-19 infection,however,once this occurs,testosterone may have a protective effect.Multiple clinical studies have shown that low baseline testosterone levels in men with C展开更多
OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine whether pattern of patients presenting with colorectal cancer (CRC) in the last few years differs significantly from that previously reported in Australia, and to r...OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine whether pattern of patients presenting with colorectal cancer (CRC) in the last few years differs significantly from that previously reported in Australia, and to relate the trends, if present, to use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). METHODS: We examined demographic and pathological characteristics of 145 consecutive CRC patients (65 females) treated in our institution in calendar years 2006-2007. Comparisons were made with data on 12536 CRC patients obtained from the Australian Association on Cancer Registries (AACR) for the year 2003, most recent available. Prescribing data for HRT were obtained from the Australian Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing. RESULTS: The distribution of colon, sigmoid and rectal cancers in our series was 40%, 24.8% and 35.2%, respectively, which differs significantly from 65%, 8.1% and 26.9% in the AACR data (p < 0.01). Our cohort was significantly younger (65.4 ± 12.1 vs. 69.5 ± 12.3 years), especially females (63.0 ± 12.7 vs. 70.3 ± 13.0 years;p < 0.001). The proportion of female patients aged < 55 and < 60 years was significantly higher (30.8% vs. 13.8% and 41.5% vs. 21.4%, respectively). Younger patients have more aggressive and advanced cancers. In Australia HRT use declined since 2001 and fell by a half in 2006. CONCLUSIONS: In the changing CRC pattern of greatest concern is a significantly higher proportion of younger patients, especially females, with higher prevalence of more advanced and aggressive cancers, coincident with decreased prescribing of HRT. These findings may have important implications for refining screening and preventive strategies and on demand for radiotherapy services.展开更多
Aim: To elucidate clinical features in patients with type 2 diabetes with advanced retinopathy but without nephropathy. Methods: This study examined 1324 patients (784 males and 540 females) with type 2 diabetes melli...Aim: To elucidate clinical features in patients with type 2 diabetes with advanced retinopathy but without nephropathy. Methods: This study examined 1324 patients (784 males and 540 females) with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic reti-nopathy was graded according to the International Clinical Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy as no diabetic reti-nopathy, mild or moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic nephropathy was classified into four stages of severity according to the Guideline Committee of the Japan Diabetes Society. Each patient was examined for retinopathy grade and nephropathy stage. Clinical features of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were compared with regard to the four grades of diabetic nephropathy. Results: Fifty-two patients with type 2 diabetes (3.9% of the whole series of 1324 patients with type 2 diabetes and 25.7% of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy) had proliferative diabetic retinopathy without the presence of nephropathy. Multiple statistical analysis using a proportional odds model revealed that pa-tients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without nephropathy had a significantly lower systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) than those who did and were preponderantly female (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A possible susceptibility of dia-betic females to proliferative advanced retinopathy without nephropathy encourages further studies on the role of hor-mones and blood coagulation in the pathogensis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.展开更多
目的探讨年龄和性别对健康成年人甲状腺激素水平影响,从而为特定人群甲状腺激素参考区间的建立及临床更客观地评价甲状腺功能提供理论依据。方法筛选了2016年1月至2019年12月在本院接受健康检查的14331名包含甲状腺检测结果的受试者信...目的探讨年龄和性别对健康成年人甲状腺激素水平影响,从而为特定人群甲状腺激素参考区间的建立及临床更客观地评价甲状腺功能提供理论依据。方法筛选了2016年1月至2019年12月在本院接受健康检查的14331名包含甲状腺检测结果的受试者信息。探讨年龄和性别对健康人群血液中游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT_(3))、游离甲状腺素(FT_(4))和促甲状腺激素(TSH)的影响。结果在收集的受试者中,男性的FT_(3)和FT_(4)中位数显著高于女性(FT_(3):4.67pmol/L vs 4.38pmol/L,Z=-32.018,P<0.001;FT_(4):13.48pmol/L vs 13.10pmol/L,Z=-13.910,P<0.001),而TSH中位数水平时则相反(1.71mIU/L vs 1.98mIU/L,Z=-15.905,P<0.001)。在各年龄组中,女性的FT_(3)和FT_(4)水平均显著低于男性(P<0.001)。在相同性别中,FT_(3)和FT_(4)的水平都随着年龄的增长而呈下降趋势,而TSH的水平却出现了相反的趋势。结论年龄和性别显著影响健康成人的甲状腺激素水平。展开更多
It has been controversial whether gender has any effect on recovery following spinal cord injury（SCI）. Past experimental and clinical research aimed at addressing this subject has led to constrasting findings on whe...It has been controversial whether gender has any effect on recovery following spinal cord injury（SCI）. Past experimental and clinical research aimed at addressing this subject has led to constrasting findings on whether females hold any advantage in locomotor recovery. Additionally, for studies supporting the notion of a female gender related advantage, a definite cause has not been explained. In a recent study, using large sample sizes for comparative male and female spinal cord injury cohorts, we reported that a significant gender advantage favoring females existed in both tissue preservation and functional recovery after taking into consideration discrepancies in age and weight of the animals across sexes. Prior animal research frequently used sample sizes that were too small to determine significance with certainty and also did not account for two other factors that influence locomotor performance： age and weight. Our finding is important in light of controversy surrounding the effect of gender on outcome and the fact that SCI affects more than ten thousand new individuals annually, a population that is disproportionately male. By deepening our understanding of why a gender advantage exists, potential new therapeutics can be designed to improve recovery for the male population following the initial trauma or putatively augment the neuroprotective privilege in females for enhanced outcomes.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)can produce a wide range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic to life-threatening.Various researchers have worked to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these variable presentations.Differences in individual responses to systemic inflammation and coagulopathy appear to be modulated by several factors,including sex steroid hormones.Transgender men or non-binary individuals who undergo gender-affirming hormone therapy(GAHT)are a unique population of interest for exploring the androgen-mediated coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)hypothesis.As the search for reliable and effective COVID-19 treatments continues,understanding the risks and benefits of GAHT may mitigate COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality in this patient population.AIM To investigate the potential role of GAHT in the development of COVID-19 infections and complications.METHODS This systematic review implemented an algorithmic approach using PRISMA guidelines.PubMed,Scopus,Google Scholar top 100 results,and archives of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery was on January 12,2022 using the key words“gender”AND“hormone”AND“therapy”AND“COVID-19”as well as associated terms.Non-English articles,articles published prior to 2019(prior to COVID-19),and manuscripts in the form of reviews,commentaries,or letters were excluded.References of the selected publications were screened as well.RESULTS The database search resulted in the final inclusion of 14 studies related to GAHT COVID-19.Of the included studies,only two studies directly involved and reported on COVID-19 in transgender patients.Several clinical trials looked at the relationship between testosterone,estrogen,and progesterone in COVID-19 infected cis-gender men and women.It has been proposed that androgens may facilitate initial COVID-19 infection,however,once this occurs,testosterone may have a protective effect.Multiple clinical studies have shown that low baseline testosterone levels in men with C
文摘OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine whether pattern of patients presenting with colorectal cancer (CRC) in the last few years differs significantly from that previously reported in Australia, and to relate the trends, if present, to use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). METHODS: We examined demographic and pathological characteristics of 145 consecutive CRC patients (65 females) treated in our institution in calendar years 2006-2007. Comparisons were made with data on 12536 CRC patients obtained from the Australian Association on Cancer Registries (AACR) for the year 2003, most recent available. Prescribing data for HRT were obtained from the Australian Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing. RESULTS: The distribution of colon, sigmoid and rectal cancers in our series was 40%, 24.8% and 35.2%, respectively, which differs significantly from 65%, 8.1% and 26.9% in the AACR data (p < 0.01). Our cohort was significantly younger (65.4 ± 12.1 vs. 69.5 ± 12.3 years), especially females (63.0 ± 12.7 vs. 70.3 ± 13.0 years;p < 0.001). The proportion of female patients aged < 55 and < 60 years was significantly higher (30.8% vs. 13.8% and 41.5% vs. 21.4%, respectively). Younger patients have more aggressive and advanced cancers. In Australia HRT use declined since 2001 and fell by a half in 2006. CONCLUSIONS: In the changing CRC pattern of greatest concern is a significantly higher proportion of younger patients, especially females, with higher prevalence of more advanced and aggressive cancers, coincident with decreased prescribing of HRT. These findings may have important implications for refining screening and preventive strategies and on demand for radiotherapy services.
文摘Aim: To elucidate clinical features in patients with type 2 diabetes with advanced retinopathy but without nephropathy. Methods: This study examined 1324 patients (784 males and 540 females) with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic reti-nopathy was graded according to the International Clinical Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy as no diabetic reti-nopathy, mild or moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic nephropathy was classified into four stages of severity according to the Guideline Committee of the Japan Diabetes Society. Each patient was examined for retinopathy grade and nephropathy stage. Clinical features of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were compared with regard to the four grades of diabetic nephropathy. Results: Fifty-two patients with type 2 diabetes (3.9% of the whole series of 1324 patients with type 2 diabetes and 25.7% of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy) had proliferative diabetic retinopathy without the presence of nephropathy. Multiple statistical analysis using a proportional odds model revealed that pa-tients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without nephropathy had a significantly lower systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) than those who did and were preponderantly female (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A possible susceptibility of dia-betic females to proliferative advanced retinopathy without nephropathy encourages further studies on the role of hor-mones and blood coagulation in the pathogensis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
文摘目的探讨年龄和性别对健康成年人甲状腺激素水平影响,从而为特定人群甲状腺激素参考区间的建立及临床更客观地评价甲状腺功能提供理论依据。方法筛选了2016年1月至2019年12月在本院接受健康检查的14331名包含甲状腺检测结果的受试者信息。探讨年龄和性别对健康人群血液中游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT_(3))、游离甲状腺素(FT_(4))和促甲状腺激素(TSH)的影响。结果在收集的受试者中,男性的FT_(3)和FT_(4)中位数显著高于女性(FT_(3):4.67pmol/L vs 4.38pmol/L,Z=-32.018,P<0.001;FT_(4):13.48pmol/L vs 13.10pmol/L,Z=-13.910,P<0.001),而TSH中位数水平时则相反(1.71mIU/L vs 1.98mIU/L,Z=-15.905,P<0.001)。在各年龄组中,女性的FT_(3)和FT_(4)水平均显著低于男性(P<0.001)。在相同性别中,FT_(3)和FT_(4)的水平都随着年龄的增长而呈下降趋势,而TSH的水平却出现了相反的趋势。结论年龄和性别显著影响健康成人的甲状腺激素水平。
基金supported by CDMRP SCIRP Award No.W81XWH-10-1-0793The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and The Buoniconti Fund
文摘It has been controversial whether gender has any effect on recovery following spinal cord injury（SCI）. Past experimental and clinical research aimed at addressing this subject has led to constrasting findings on whether females hold any advantage in locomotor recovery. Additionally, for studies supporting the notion of a female gender related advantage, a definite cause has not been explained. In a recent study, using large sample sizes for comparative male and female spinal cord injury cohorts, we reported that a significant gender advantage favoring females existed in both tissue preservation and functional recovery after taking into consideration discrepancies in age and weight of the animals across sexes. Prior animal research frequently used sample sizes that were too small to determine significance with certainty and also did not account for two other factors that influence locomotor performance： age and weight. Our finding is important in light of controversy surrounding the effect of gender on outcome and the fact that SCI affects more than ten thousand new individuals annually, a population that is disproportionately male. By deepening our understanding of why a gender advantage exists, potential new therapeutics can be designed to improve recovery for the male population following the initial trauma or putatively augment the neuroprotective privilege in females for enhanced outcomes.
