Due to the use of outdated mining technology or room and pillar mining process in small coal mines, the coal recovery ratio is only 10–25%. In many regions of China, the damage area caused by the small coal mines amo...Due to the use of outdated mining technology or room and pillar mining process in small coal mines, the coal recovery ratio is only 10–25%. In many regions of China, the damage area caused by the small coal mines amounted to nearly one hundred square kilometers. Therefore, special mining techniques must be taken to reclaim the wasted resource in disturbed coal areas. This paper focuses on the different mining methods by analyzing the longwall panel layout and abandoned gateroad(AG) distribution in the abandoned area of Cuijiazhai coal mine in northwestern China. On the basis of three-dimensional geological model, FLAC3 D numerical simulation was employed. The abutment pressure distribution was simulated when the panel face passed through the disturbed areas. The proper angle of the inclined face was analyzed when the panel face passed through the abandoned gateroads. The results show that the head end of the face should be 13–20 m ahead of the tail end. The pillars on both sides of abandoned gateroads had not been damaged at the same time, and no large-area stress concentration occured above the main roof.Therefore, the coal reserves of disturbed areas can be successfully recovered by using underground longwall mining.展开更多
Coal mine longwall gateroads are subject to changing loading conditions induced by the advancing longwall face. The ground response and support requirements are closely related to the magnitude and orientation of the ...Coal mine longwall gateroads are subject to changing loading conditions induced by the advancing longwall face. The ground response and support requirements are closely related to the magnitude and orientation of the stress changes, as well as the local geology. This paper presents the monitoring results of gateroad response and support performance at two longwall mines at a 180-m and 600-m depth of cover.At the first mine, a three-entry gateroad layout was used. The second mine used a four-entry, yieldabutment-yield gateroad pillar system. Local ground deformation and support response were monitored at both sites. The monitoring period started during the development stage and continued during first panel retreat and up to second panel retreat. The two data sets were used to compare the response of the entries in two very different geotechnical settings and different gateroad layouts. The monitoring results were used to validate numerical models that simulate the loading conditions and entry response for these widely differing conditions. The validated models were used to compare the load path and ground response at the two mines. This paper demonstrates the potential for numerical models to assist mine engineers in optimizing longwall layouts and gateroad support systems.展开更多
Coal seams in Tashan Mine of Datong Coal Group in China average 15 m thick and have been mined by the top coal caving longwall mining method of large mining height. Mining height was 3.8 m and the top coal caving heig...Coal seams in Tashan Mine of Datong Coal Group in China average 15 m thick and have been mined by the top coal caving longwall mining method of large mining height. Mining height was 3.8 m and the top coal caving height was 11.2 m. The gateroad pillar between panels was 38 m. During retreat mining,serious bumps occurred in the gateroads on both sides of the pillar affecting safety production. Therefore,pillarless mining was experimented. Using numerical modeling and comparative study of cases of similar mining condition,it was decided to employ a 6 m wide pillar,rather than the previous 38 m wide pillar.Support system for the gateroads was designed and implemented. During gateroad development,pillar failure conditions and entry deformation were monitored. Hydraulic fracturing method was employed to cut off the K3 sandstone along the entry rib so as to reduce the abutment pressure induced during retreat mining. Support reinforcement method combining grouting and advanced reinforcement methods was proposed to insure stable gateroad ahead of mining. Methane drainage and nitrogen injection were implemented to eliminate hazards associated with mine fire and spontaneous combustion. Since the development of gateroad has just completed,and retreat mining has not begun,the effectiveness of the proposed methods is unknown at this point. However,monitoring will continue until after mining.The results will be published in a separate paper.展开更多
A numerical-model-based approach was recently developed for estimating the changes in both the horizontal and vertical loading conditions induced by an approaching longwall face.In this approach, a systematic procedur...A numerical-model-based approach was recently developed for estimating the changes in both the horizontal and vertical loading conditions induced by an approaching longwall face.In this approach, a systematic procedure is used to estimate the model's inputs.Shearing along the bedding planes is modeled with ubiquitous joint elements and interface elements.Coal is modeled with a newly developed coal mass model.The response of the gob is calibrated with back analysis of subsidence data and the results of previously published laboratory tests on rock fragments.The model results were verified with the subsidence and stress data recently collected from a longwall mine in the eastern United States.展开更多
Coal bump seriously threatens the safe and efficient mining of coal,and the research on the occurrence mechanism of coal bump is of great significance.The roadway coal bump accounts for 86.8%of the total.The occurrenc...Coal bump seriously threatens the safe and efficient mining of coal,and the research on the occurrence mechanism of coal bump is of great significance.The roadway coal bump accounts for 86.8%of the total.The occurrence of coal bump in gateroad is summarized.It is considered that hard roof and hard coal are the geological characteristics of coal bump,and the sliding instability of rib coal mass is the failure characteristics of coal bump.Based on the elastic foundation theory,the upward deflection characteristics of the front and lateral roof of the working face under the condition of hard roof are analyzed,and compared with the engineering practice of roof rebounding.Taking the roadway coal mass as the research object,the unloading sliding mechanical model of roof-coal-floor composite structure is established.By analyzing the relationship between horizontal ground stress of coal mass,frictional force of coal-roof and coal-floor and tensile resistance of coal mass,the critical equation of coal bump is established.It is proposed that the vertical pressure of coal seam is reduced due to the upward deflection of the roof,and the coal mass loses its clamping and moves into the roadway after overcoming the friction between roof and floor and the tensile strength of coal mass under the action of horizontal ground stress,that is,the unloading and slippage mechanism of coal bump in hard roof mining roadway.The model reasonably explains the causality of coal bump in hard roof mining roadway.Based on the unloading-slippage model,the principle of influencing factors of coal bump,includes the buried depth,roof strength,roof elastic modulus and roof thickness,coal mass strength and elastic modulus.Finally,two coal bump events,''8.2''coal bump in Tangshan coal mine and''11.11''coal bump in Hongyang mine are analyzed and the unloading-slippage mechanism are the reasoning of two events.展开更多
Longwall gateroad entries are subject to changing horizontal and vertical stress induced by redistribution of loads around the extracted panel.The stress changes can result in significant deformation of the entries th...Longwall gateroad entries are subject to changing horizontal and vertical stress induced by redistribution of loads around the extracted panel.The stress changes can result in significant deformation of the entries that may include roof sag,rib dilation,and floor heave.Mine operators install different types of supports to control the ground response and maintain safe access and ventilation of the longwall face.This paper describes recent research aimed at quantifying the effect of longwall-induced stress changes on ground stability and using the information to assess support alternatives.The research included monitoring of ground and support interaction at several operating longwall mines in the U.S.,analysis and calibration of numerical models that adequately represent the bedded rock mass,and observation of the support systems and their response to changes in stress.The models were then used to investigate the impact of geology and stress conditions on ground deformation and support response for various depths of cover and geologic scenarios.The research results were summarized in two regression equations that can be used to estimate the likely roof deformation and height of roof yield due to longwall-induced stress changes.This information is then used to assess the ability of support systems to maintain the stability of the roof.The application of the method is demonstrated with a retrospective analysis of the support performance at an operating longwall mine that experienced a headgate roof fall.The method is shown to produce realistic estimates of gateroad entry stability and support performance,allowing alternative support systems to be assessed during the design and planning stage of longwall operations.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51404275 and U1361209)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(2013QZ03)
文摘Due to the use of outdated mining technology or room and pillar mining process in small coal mines, the coal recovery ratio is only 10–25%. In many regions of China, the damage area caused by the small coal mines amounted to nearly one hundred square kilometers. Therefore, special mining techniques must be taken to reclaim the wasted resource in disturbed coal areas. This paper focuses on the different mining methods by analyzing the longwall panel layout and abandoned gateroad(AG) distribution in the abandoned area of Cuijiazhai coal mine in northwestern China. On the basis of three-dimensional geological model, FLAC3 D numerical simulation was employed. The abutment pressure distribution was simulated when the panel face passed through the disturbed areas. The proper angle of the inclined face was analyzed when the panel face passed through the abandoned gateroads. The results show that the head end of the face should be 13–20 m ahead of the tail end. The pillars on both sides of abandoned gateroads had not been damaged at the same time, and no large-area stress concentration occured above the main roof.Therefore, the coal reserves of disturbed areas can be successfully recovered by using underground longwall mining.
文摘Coal mine longwall gateroads are subject to changing loading conditions induced by the advancing longwall face. The ground response and support requirements are closely related to the magnitude and orientation of the stress changes, as well as the local geology. This paper presents the monitoring results of gateroad response and support performance at two longwall mines at a 180-m and 600-m depth of cover.At the first mine, a three-entry gateroad layout was used. The second mine used a four-entry, yieldabutment-yield gateroad pillar system. Local ground deformation and support response were monitored at both sites. The monitoring period started during the development stage and continued during first panel retreat and up to second panel retreat. The two data sets were used to compare the response of the entries in two very different geotechnical settings and different gateroad layouts. The monitoring results were used to validate numerical models that simulate the loading conditions and entry response for these widely differing conditions. The validated models were used to compare the load path and ground response at the two mines. This paper demonstrates the potential for numerical models to assist mine engineers in optimizing longwall layouts and gateroad support systems.
基金funded by the United Foundation key project fund,Chinese Natural Science Committee (No.U1261207)Datong Coal Group,Tashan Coal Mine,and supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo of China (No.U1261207)
文摘Coal seams in Tashan Mine of Datong Coal Group in China average 15 m thick and have been mined by the top coal caving longwall mining method of large mining height. Mining height was 3.8 m and the top coal caving height was 11.2 m. The gateroad pillar between panels was 38 m. During retreat mining,serious bumps occurred in the gateroads on both sides of the pillar affecting safety production. Therefore,pillarless mining was experimented. Using numerical modeling and comparative study of cases of similar mining condition,it was decided to employ a 6 m wide pillar,rather than the previous 38 m wide pillar.Support system for the gateroads was designed and implemented. During gateroad development,pillar failure conditions and entry deformation were monitored. Hydraulic fracturing method was employed to cut off the K3 sandstone along the entry rib so as to reduce the abutment pressure induced during retreat mining. Support reinforcement method combining grouting and advanced reinforcement methods was proposed to insure stable gateroad ahead of mining. Methane drainage and nitrogen injection were implemented to eliminate hazards associated with mine fire and spontaneous combustion. Since the development of gateroad has just completed,and retreat mining has not begun,the effectiveness of the proposed methods is unknown at this point. However,monitoring will continue until after mining.The results will be published in a separate paper.
文摘A numerical-model-based approach was recently developed for estimating the changes in both the horizontal and vertical loading conditions induced by an approaching longwall face.In this approach, a systematic procedure is used to estimate the model's inputs.Shearing along the bedding planes is modeled with ubiquitous joint elements and interface elements.Coal is modeled with a newly developed coal mass model.The response of the gob is calibrated with back analysis of subsidence data and the results of previously published laboratory tests on rock fragments.The model results were verified with the subsidence and stress data recently collected from a longwall mine in the eastern United States.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51774174)State's Key Project of Research and Development Plan(Grant No.2017YFC0804203).
文摘Coal bump seriously threatens the safe and efficient mining of coal,and the research on the occurrence mechanism of coal bump is of great significance.The roadway coal bump accounts for 86.8%of the total.The occurrence of coal bump in gateroad is summarized.It is considered that hard roof and hard coal are the geological characteristics of coal bump,and the sliding instability of rib coal mass is the failure characteristics of coal bump.Based on the elastic foundation theory,the upward deflection characteristics of the front and lateral roof of the working face under the condition of hard roof are analyzed,and compared with the engineering practice of roof rebounding.Taking the roadway coal mass as the research object,the unloading sliding mechanical model of roof-coal-floor composite structure is established.By analyzing the relationship between horizontal ground stress of coal mass,frictional force of coal-roof and coal-floor and tensile resistance of coal mass,the critical equation of coal bump is established.It is proposed that the vertical pressure of coal seam is reduced due to the upward deflection of the roof,and the coal mass loses its clamping and moves into the roadway after overcoming the friction between roof and floor and the tensile strength of coal mass under the action of horizontal ground stress,that is,the unloading and slippage mechanism of coal bump in hard roof mining roadway.The model reasonably explains the causality of coal bump in hard roof mining roadway.Based on the unloading-slippage model,the principle of influencing factors of coal bump,includes the buried depth,roof strength,roof elastic modulus and roof thickness,coal mass strength and elastic modulus.Finally,two coal bump events,''8.2''coal bump in Tangshan coal mine and''11.11''coal bump in Hongyang mine are analyzed and the unloading-slippage mechanism are the reasoning of two events.
文摘Longwall gateroad entries are subject to changing horizontal and vertical stress induced by redistribution of loads around the extracted panel.The stress changes can result in significant deformation of the entries that may include roof sag,rib dilation,and floor heave.Mine operators install different types of supports to control the ground response and maintain safe access and ventilation of the longwall face.This paper describes recent research aimed at quantifying the effect of longwall-induced stress changes on ground stability and using the information to assess support alternatives.The research included monitoring of ground and support interaction at several operating longwall mines in the U.S.,analysis and calibration of numerical models that adequately represent the bedded rock mass,and observation of the support systems and their response to changes in stress.The models were then used to investigate the impact of geology and stress conditions on ground deformation and support response for various depths of cover and geologic scenarios.The research results were summarized in two regression equations that can be used to estimate the likely roof deformation and height of roof yield due to longwall-induced stress changes.This information is then used to assess the ability of support systems to maintain the stability of the roof.The application of the method is demonstrated with a retrospective analysis of the support performance at an operating longwall mine that experienced a headgate roof fall.The method is shown to produce realistic estimates of gateroad entry stability and support performance,allowing alternative support systems to be assessed during the design and planning stage of longwall operations.
